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一、简介
什么是ELK?ELK是Elasticsearch、Logstash、Kibana这三个软件的首字母缩写;其中elasticsearch是用来做数据的存储和搜索的搜索引擎;logstash是数据收集处理平台,它能够对特定的数据做分析、切词、收集、过滤等等处理,通常用于对日志的处理;kibana是用于把处理后的数据做可视化展示,提供一个web界面,方便我们去elasticsearch中检索想要的数据;elasticsearch是一个高度可扩展的开源全文搜索和分析引擎,它可实现数据的实时全文搜索,支持分布式实现高可用,提供RUSTfull风格的API接口,可以处理大规模日志数据;
elasticsearch是基于java语言在lucene的框架上进行开发实现;lucene是java中的一个成熟免费的开源搜索类库,本质上lucene只是提供编程API接口,要想使用lucene框架做搜索引擎,需要用户自行开发lucene的外壳,实现调用lucene的API接口实现全文检索和搜寻;elasticsearch就是以lucene为信息检索库的搜索引擎;
elasticsearch的基本组件
索引(index):文档容器,具有类似属性的文档的集合。类似关系型数据库中的表的概念;在elasticsearch中索引名称必须使用小写字母;
类型(type):类型是索引内部的逻辑分区,其意义完全取决于用户需求。一个索引内部可定义一个或多个类型。一搬来说,类型就是拥有相同的域的文档的预定义;
文档(document):文档是lucene索引和搜索的原子单位,它包含了一个或多个域。是域的容器,基于JSON格式表示。一个域由一个名字,一个或多个值组成;拥有多个值得域,通常我们称为多值域;
映射(mapping):原始内容存储为文档之前需要事先进行分析,例如切词、过滤掉某些词等;映射用于定义此分析机制该如何实现;除此之外,ES(elasticsearch)还为映射提供了诸如将域中的内容排序等功能。
elasticsearch集群组件
cluster:ES的集群标识为集群名称;默认为"elasticsearch"。节点就是靠此名字来决定加入到哪个集群中。一个节点只能属于于一个集群。
Node:运行了单个ES实例的主机即为节点。用于存储数据、参与集群索引及搜索操作。节点的标识靠节点名。
Shard:将索引切割成为的物理存储组件;但每一个shard都是一个独立且完整的索引;创建索引时,ES默认将其分割为5个shard,用户也可以按需自定义,创建完成之后不可修改。shard有两种类型primary shard和replica。Replica用于数据冗余及查询时的负载均衡。每个主shard的副本数量可自定义,且可动态修改。
ES Cluster工作过程
启动时,通过多播(默认)或单播方式在9300/tcp查找同一集群中的其它节点,并与之建立通信。集群中的所有节点会选举出一个主节点负责管理整个集群状态,以及在集群范围内决定各shards的分布方式。站在用户角度而言,每个node均可接收并响应用户的各类请求。
集群有状态:green, red, yellow;green表示集群状态健康,各节点上的shard和我们定义的一样;yellow表示集群状态亚健康,可能存在shard和我们定义的不一致,比如某个节点宕机了,它上面的shard也随着消失,此时集群的状态就是亚健康状态;一般yellow状态是很容易转变为green状态的;red表示集群状态不健康,比如3个节点有2个节点都宕机了,那么也就意味着这两个节点上的shard丢失,当然shard丢失,对应的数据也会随之丢失;所以red状态表示集群有丢失数据的风险;
二、elasticsearch集群部署
环境说明
某个服务如果以分布式或集群的模式工作,首先我们要把各节点的时间进行同步,这是集群的基本原则;其次,一个集群的名称解析不能也不应该依赖外部的dns服务来解析,因为一旦dns服务挂掉,它会影响整个集群的通信,所以如果需要用到名称解析,我们应该首先考虑hosts文件来解析各节点名称;如果集群各节点间需要互相拷贝数据,我们应该还要做ssh 互信;以上三个条件是大多数集群的最基本条件;
名称 | ip地址 | 端口 |
es1 | 192.168.0.41 | 9200/9300 |
es2 | 192.168.0.42 | 9200/9300 |
各节点安装jdk
yum install -y java-1.8.0-openjdk-devel
提示:不同的es版本对jdk的版本要求也不一样,这个可以去官方文档中看,对应es版本需要用到的jdk版本;
导出JAVA_HOME
验证java版本和JAVA_HOME环境变量
下载elasticsearch rpm包
[root@node01 ~]# wget https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm --2020-10-01 20:44:29-- https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/elasticsearch/elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm Resolving artifacts.elastic.co (artifacts.elastic.co)... 151.101.110.222, 2a04:4e42:36::734 Connecting to artifacts.elastic.co (artifacts.elastic.co)|151.101.110.222|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 148681336 (142M) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm’ 100%[==========================================================================>] 148,681,336 133MB/s in 1.1s 2020-10-01 20:45:07 (133 MB/s) - ‘elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm’ saved [148681336/148681336]
安装elasticsearch rpm包
[root@node01 ~]# ll total 145200 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148681336 Aug 18 19:38 elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm [root@node01 ~]# yum install ./elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Examining ./elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm: elasticsearch-6.8.12-1.noarch Marking ./elasticsearch-6.8.12.rpm to be installed Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package elasticsearch.noarch 0:6.8.12-1 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved =================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =================================================================================================================================== Installing: elasticsearch noarch 6.8.12-1 /elasticsearch-6.8.12 229 M Transaction Summary =================================================================================================================================== Install 1 Package Total size: 229 M Installed size: 229 M Is this ok [y/d/N]: y Downloading packages: Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Creating elasticsearch group... OK Creating elasticsearch user... OK Installing : elasticsearch-6.8.12-1.noarch 1/1 ### NOT starting on installation, please execute the following statements to configure elasticsearch service to start automatically using systemd sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo systemctl enable elasticsearch.service ### You can start elasticsearch service by executing sudo systemctl start elasticsearch.service Created elasticsearch keystore in /etc/elasticsearch Verifying : elasticsearch-6.8.12-1.noarch 1/1 Installed: elasticsearch.noarch 0:6.8.12-1 Complete! [root@node01 ~]#
编辑配置文件
提示:es的主配置文件是/etc/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.yml;其中我们需要配置cluster.name,node.name,path.data,path.log,这四项是非常重要的,cluster.name是配置的集群名称,同一集群各主机就是依赖这个配置判断是否是同一集群,所以在同一集群的其他节点的配置,这个名称必须一致;node.name是用于标识节点名称,这个名称在集群中是唯一的,也就说这个名称在同一集群的其他节点必须唯一,不能重复;path.data用于指定es存放数据的目录,建议各节点都配置同一个目录方便管理;其次这个目录还建议挂载一个存储;path.logs用于指定es的日志存放目录;
提示:bootstrap.memory_lock: true这项配置表示启动es时,立即分配jvm.options这个文件中定义的内存大小;默认没有启用,如果要启用,我们需要主机节点内存是否够用,以及elasticsearch用户是否能够申请对应大小的内存;network.host用于指定es监听的ip地址,0.0.0.0表示监听本机所有可用地址;http.port用于指定对用户提供服务的端口地址;discovery.zen.ping.unicast.hosts指定对那些主机做单播通信来发现节点;discovery.zen.minimum_master_nodes指定master节点的的最小数量;不指定默认就是1;
完整的配置
[root@node01 ~]# cat /etc/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.yml # ======================== Elasticsearch Configuration ========================= # # NOTE: Elasticsearch comes with reasonable defaults for most settings. # Before you set out to tweak and tune the configuration, make sure you # understand what are you trying to accomplish and the consequences. # # The primary way of configuring a node is via this file. This template lists # the most important settings you may want to configure for a production cluster. # # Please consult the documentation for further information on configuration options: # https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/index.html # # ---------------------------------- Cluster ----------------------------------- # # Use a descriptive name for your cluster: # cluster.name: test-els-cluster # # ------------------------------------ Node ------------------------------------ # # Use a descriptive name for the node: # node.name: node01 # # Add custom attributes to the node: # #node.attr.rack: r1 # # ----------------------------------- Paths ------------------------------------ # # Path to directory where to store the data (separate multiple locations by comma): # path.data: /els/data # # Path to log files: # path.logs: /els/logs # # ----------------------------------- Memory ----------------------------------- # # Lock the memory on startup: # #bootstrap.memory_lock: true # # Make sure that the heap size is set to about half the memory available # on the system and that the owner of the process is allowed to use this # limit. # # Elasticsearch performs poorly when the system is swapping the memory. # # ---------------------------------- Network ----------------------------------- # # Set the bind address to a specific IP (IPv4 or IPv6): # network.host: 0.0.0.0 # # Set a custom port for HTTP: # http.port: 9200 # # For more information, consult the network module documentation. # # --------------------------------- Discovery ---------------------------------- # # Pass an initial list of hosts to perform discovery when new node is started: # The default list of hosts is ["127.0.0.1", "[::1]"] # discovery.zen.ping.unicast.hosts: ["node01", "node02"] # # Prevent the "split brain" by configuring the majority of nodes (total number of master-eligible nodes / 2 + 1): # discovery.zen.minimum_master_nodes: 1 # # For more information, consult the zen discovery module documentation. # # ---------------------------------- Gateway ----------------------------------- # # Block initial recovery after a full cluster restart until N nodes are started: # #gateway.recover_after_nodes: 3 # # For more information, consult the gateway module documentation. # # ---------------------------------- Various ----------------------------------- # # Require explicit names when deleting indices: # #action.destructive_requires_name: true [root@node01 ~]#
View Code
创建数据目录和日志目录,并把对应目录修改成elasticsearch属主和属组
复制配置文件到其他节点对应位置,并修改node.name为对应节点名称,并在对应节点上创建数据目录和日志目录并把其属主和属组修改成elasticsearch
提示:对于node02上的es配置和node01上的配置,唯一不同的就是节点名称,其余都是一样的;
启动node01、node02上的es,并把es设置为开机启动
提示:可以看到node01和node02上的9200和9300都处于监听状态了;9200是用户对外提供服务的端口,9300是用于集群各节点通信端口;到此2节点的es集群就搭建好了;
验证:访问node01和node02的9200端口,看看响应内容cluster_name和cluster_uuid是否是一样?
提示:可以看到访问node01和node02的9200端口,响应内容都响应了相同cluster_name和cluster_uuid;说明node01和node02属于同一个集群;
查看es接口提供的cat接口
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/_cat =^.^= /_cat/allocation /_cat/shards /_cat/shards/{index} /_cat/master /_cat/nodes /_cat/tasks /_cat/indices /_cat/indices/{index} /_cat/segments /_cat/segments/{index} /_cat/count /_cat/count/{index} /_cat/recovery /_cat/recovery/{index} /_cat/health /_cat/pending_tasks /_cat/aliases /_cat/aliases/{alias} /_cat/thread_pool /_cat/thread_pool/{thread_pools} /_cat/plugins /_cat/fielddata /_cat/fielddata/{fields} /_cat/nodeattrs /_cat/repositories /_cat/snapshots/{repository} /_cat/templates [root@node01 ~]#
查看集群node信息
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/_cat/nodes 192.168.0.42 19 96 1 0.00 0.05 0.05 mdi - node02 192.168.0.41 15 96 1 0.03 0.04 0.05 mdi * node01 [root@node01 ~]#
提示:后面带*号的表示master节点;
查看集群健康状态
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/_cat/health 1601559464 13:37:44 test-els-cluster green 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 100.0% [root@node01 ~]#
查看集群索引信息
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/_cat/indices [root@node01 ~]#
提示:这里显示空,是因为集群里没有任何数据;
查看集群分片信息
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/_cat/shards [root@node01 ~]#
获取myindex索引下的test类型的1号文档信息
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/myindex/test/1 {"error":{"root_cause":[{"type":"index_not_found_exception","reason":"no such index","resource.type":"index_expression","resource.id":"myindex","index_uuid":"_na_","index":"myindex"}],"type":"index_not_found_exception","reason":"no such index","resource.type":"index_expression","resource.id":"myindex","index_uuid":"_na_","index":"myindex"},"status":404}[root@node01 ~]# [root@node01 ~]# curl http://node02:9200/myindex/test/1?pretty { "error" : { "root_cause" : [ { "type" : "index_not_found_exception", "reason" : "no such index", "resource.type" : "index_expression", "resource.id" : "myindex", "index_uuid" : "_na_", "index" : "myindex" } ], "type" : "index_not_found_exception", "reason" : "no such index", "resource.type" : "index_expression", "resource.id" : "myindex", "index_uuid" : "_na_", "index" : "myindex" }, "status" : 404 } [root@node01 ~]#
提示:?pretty表示用易读的JSON格式输出;从上面的反馈内容,它告诉我们没有找到指定的索引;
添加一个文档到es集群的指定索引
[root@node01 ~]# curl -XPUT http://node01:9200/myindex/test/1 -d ' {"name":"zhangsan","age":18,"gender":"nan"}' {"error":"Content-Type header [application/x-www-form-urlencoded] is not supported","status":406}[root@node01 ~]#
提示:这里向es写指定文档到指定索引下,返回不支持header头部;解决办法,手动指定头部类型;
[root@node01 ~]# curl -XPUT http://node01:9200/myindex/test/1 -H 'content-Type:application/json' -d ' {"name":"zhangsan","age":18,"gender":"nan"}' {"_index":"myindex","_type":"test","_id":"1","_version":1,"result":"created","_shards":{"total":2,"successful":2,"failed":0},"_seq_no":0,"_primary_term":1}[root@node01 ~]#
验证:查看myindex索引下的test类型的1号文档,看看是否能够查到我们刚才写的数据?
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node01:9200/myindex/test/1?pretty { "_index" : "myindex", "_type" : "test", "_id" : "1", "_version" : 1, "_seq_no" : 0, "_primary_term" : 1, "found" : true, "_source" : { "name" : "zhangsan", "age" : 18, "gender" : "nan" } } [root@node01 ~]#
提示:可以看到返回了我们刚才写的文档内容;
现在再次查看集群的索引信息和分片信息
提示:可以看到现在es集群中有一个myindex的索引,其状态为green;分片信息中也可以看到有5各主分片和5个replica分片;并且每个分片都的master和replica都没有在同一个节点;
搜索所有的索引和类型
提示:jq是用于以美观方式显示json数据,作用同pretty的一样;以上命令表示从所有类型所用索引中搜索,name字段为zhangsan的信息;如果命中了,就会把对应文档打印出来;未命中就告诉我们未命中;如下
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node01:9200/_search?q=age:19|jq % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 135 100 135 0 0 2906 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 2934 { "took": 37, "timed_out": false, "_shards": { "total": 5, "successful": 5, "skipped": 0, "failed": 0 }, "hits": { "total": 0, "max_score": null, "hits": [] } } [root@node01 ~]# curl http://node01:9200/_search?q=age:18|jq % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 247 100 247 0 0 10795 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 11227 { "took": 12, "timed_out": false, "_shards": { "total": 5, "successful": 5, "skipped": 0, "failed": 0 }, "hits": { "total": 1, "max_score": 1, "hits": [ { "_index": "myindex", "_type": "test", "_id": "1", "_score": 1, "_source": { "name": "zhangsan", "age": 18, "gender": "nan" } } ] } } [root@node01 ~]#
提示:如果要在指定索引中搜索在前面的url加上指定的索引名称即可;
提示:如果有多个索引我们也可以根据多个索引名称的特点来使用*来匹配;如下
[root@node01 ~]# curl http://node01:9200/*/_search?q=age:18|jq % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 247 100 247 0 0 8253 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 8517 { "took": 20, "timed_out": false, "_shards": { "total": 5, "successful": 5, "skipped": 0, "failed": 0 }, "hits": { "total": 1, "max_score": 1, "hits": [ { "_index": "myindex", "_type": "test", "_id": "1", "_score": 1, "_source": { "name": "zhangsan", "age": 18, "gender": "nan" } } ] } } [root@node01 ~]# curl http://node01:9200/my*/_search?q=age:18|jq % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 247 100 247 0 0 7843 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 7967 { "took": 19, "timed_out": false, "_shards": { "total": 5, "successful": 5, "skipped": 0, "failed": 0 }, "hits": { "total": 1, "max_score": 1, "hits": [ { "_index": "myindex", "_type": "test", "_id": "1", "_score": 1, "_source": { "name": "zhangsan", "age": 18, "gender": "nan" } } ] } } [root@node01 ~]#
搜索指定的单个索引的指定类型
提示:以上就是在es集群的命令行接口常用操作,通常我们用es集群,不会在命令行中做搜索,我们会利用web界面来做;命令行只是用于测试;好了到此es集群就搭建好了;后续我们就可以用logstash收集指定地方的数据,传给es,然后再利用kibana的web界面来展示es中的数据;