- A+
假设现在有两台服务器client1，client2，他们直接不能直接相互通信，但是他们均能连接上第三台服务器balance，我们可以在client1，client2和balance三台机器之间建立ssh隧道来让client1和client2实现通信。
ssh端口转发有三种实现方式：本地转发，远程转发，和动态转发。
定义简称：发起请求的服务器(简称"startServer")，最终目标服务器(简称“targetServer”)，连接startServer和targetServer的服务器(简称“bridgeServer”)
一. 准备工作
实现目标: startServer能访问bridgeServer但不能直接访问targetServer，bridgeServer可以访问targetServer；startServer通过bridgeServer做端口转发可以间接访问targetServer。
1.1 服务器IP：
startServer：服务器guangzhou-IP 106.55.241.99
targetServer：服务器new2-IP 106.55.171.53
bridgeServer：服务器balance-IP 124.156.143.168
1.2 服务器间通信状态
服务器guangzhou：
#可访问new2 [root@guangzhou ~]# telnet 106.55.171.53 22 Trying 106.55.171.53... Connected to 106.55.171.53. Escape character is '^]'. SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_7.4 #可访问balance [root@guangzhou ~]# telnet 124.156.143.168 22 Trying 124.156.143.168... Connected to 124.156.143.168. Escape character is '^]'. SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_7.4
服务器balance：
#可访问new2
[root@Balance ~]# telnet 106.55.241.99 22 Trying 106.55.241.99... Connected to 106.55.241.99. Escape character is '^]'. SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_7.4
现在上new2防火墙添加禁止guangzhou访问并重启firewalld服务：
[root@new2 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule family=ipv4 source address="106.55.241.99" drop' success [root@new2 ~]# firewall-cmd --reload success
登陆guangzhou服务器执行命令: telnet 106.55.171.53 22 ，结果无响应，说明防火墙禁止访问设置成功。
目前guangzhou无法直连new2，可连接balance，balance可连接new2.
二. 配置端口转发
2.1 本地转发
命令：-L localport:remotehost:remotehostport sshserver
说明：localport 本机开启的端口号
remotehost 最终连接机器的IP地址
remotehostport 转发机器的端口号
sshserver 转发机器的IP地址
# -L startServerIp:targetServerIp:targetServerPort bridgeServerUser@bridgeServerIp
[root@guangzhou ~]# ssh -L 9001:106.55.171.53:22 root@124.156.143.168 root@124.156.143.168's password: Last failed login: Thu Oct 8 19:29:00 CST 2020 from 61.135.223.109 on ssh:notty There were 8 failed login attempts since the last successful login. Last login: Thu Oct 8 19:26:38 2020 from 106.55.241.99 [root@Balance ~]#
新开窗口打开guangzhou服务器：
[root@guangzhou ~]# ssh -p 9001 root@127.0.0.1 The authenticity of host '[127.0.0.1]:9001 ([127.0.0.1]:9001)' can't be established. ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:huOuuKbfM9TN6+rpCMjB2Hk0HI4GSF1WCj7gIVyu48I. ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:0f:55:88:04:62:82:fc:8b:6a:f5:9e:5c:56:e1:0b:cc. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added '[127.0.0.1]:9001' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. root@127.0.0.1's password: Last failed login: Thu Oct 8 19:29:28 CST 2020 from 213.154.70.102 on ssh:notty There were 832 failed login attempts since the last successful login. Last login: Thu Oct 8 18:41:46 2020 from 106.55.241.99 [root@new2 ~]#
上面可见后面新开窗口通过访问9001端口可以连接上new2服务器。
2.2 远程转发
命令：-R sshserverport:remotehost:remotehostport sshserver
说明：sshserverport 被转发机器开启的端口号
remotehost 最终连接机器的IP地址
remotehostport 被转发机器的端口号
sshserver 被转发机器的IP地址
#balance服务器上开启端口转发服务
# -R startServerPort:targetServerIp:targetServerPort -fN startServerIp
[root@Balance ~]# ssh -R 9100:106.55.171.53:22 -fN 106.55.241.99 root@106.55.241.99's password: [root@Balance ~]#
#guangzhou服务器上查看balance端口转发开启的9100端口
[root@guangzhou ~]# ss -ntl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 *:27017 *:* LISTEN 0 511 *:6379 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:9100 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:111 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:4369 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::* LISTEN 0 511 :::6379 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::111 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::4369 :::* #连接9100端口，确认可以连接上new2服务器
[root@guangzhou ~]# ssh -p 9100 root@127.0.0.1 The authenticity of host '[127.0.0.1]:9100 ([127.0.0.1]:9100)' can't be established. ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:huOuuKbfM9TN6+rpCMjB2Hk0HI4GSF1WCj7gIVyu48I. ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:0f:55:88:04:62:82:fc:8b:6a:f5:9e:5c:56:e1:0b:cc. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added '[127.0.0.1]:9100' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. root@127.0.0.1's password: Last failed login: Fri Oct 9 11:28:02 CST 2020 from 61.7.235.211 on ssh:notty There were 3 failed login attempts since the last successful login. Last login: Fri Oct 9 11:26:16 2020 from 117.136.79.20 [root@new2 ~]#
远程转发就是做了一层请求代理服务，将指定客户端IP和客户端端口的请求转发到指定第三方服务器IP和端口。
2.3动态转发
命令：-D localhost:localport -fN sshserver
# -D startServerPort -fN bridgeServerIp
#guangzhou服务器上关掉所有ssh连接 [root@guangzhou ~]# killall ssh [root@guangzhou ~]# ssh -D 9200 -fN 124.156.143.168 root@124.156.143.168's password: [root@guangzhou ~]# curl --socks5 127.0.0.1:9200 http://106.55.171.53 hello~
以上通过设置guangzhou服务器9200端口转发已经可以正常请求new2服务器上的web服务。
三. 使用实践
假设guangzhou服务器访问new2服务器的mysql服务，mysql端口为3306，同之前一样new2防火墙增加IP禁止guangzhou访问。
以下是php实现的例子。
#guangzhou服务器使用9001端口通过balance连接new2的3306端口，这里以本地转发为例 [root@guangzhou ~]# ssh -L 9001:106.55.171.53:3306 root@124.156.143.168 root@124.156.143.168's password: Last failed login: Fri Oct 9 16:10:57 CST 2020 from 124.65.143.22 on ssh:notty There were 476 failed login attempts since the last successful login. Last login: Fri Oct 9 15:49:20 2020 from 117.136.79.20
#guangzhou服务器新开窗口mysql命令行链接测试下 [root@guangzhou ~]# mysql -h127.0.0.1 -P9001 -utest1 -p123456 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MariaDB connection id is 19 Server version: 10.2.31-MariaDB-log MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]>
[root@guangzhou ~]# cat pdo.php <?php $host = "127.0.0.1"; $port = "9001"; $username = "root"; $password = "123456"; $dbname = "test"; $charset = "utf8mb4"; $dsn = "mysql:dbname=$dbname;host=$host"; try{ $pdo = new Pdo($dsn, $username, $password); $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION); // 设置sql语句查询如果出现问题 就会抛出异常 set_exception_handler("cus_exception_handler"); } catch(PDOException $e){ die("连接失败: ".$e->getMessage()); } function cus_exception_handler($e) { die("sql 异常: ".$e->getMessage()); } //查询数据 $state = $pdo->query("select * from home limit 1"); // query执行一条SQL语句，如果通过，则返回一个PDOStatement对象,可以直接遍历这个返回的记录集 (query用于select) $res = $state->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); // 获取结果集中的一行数据 print_r($res); [root@guangzhou ~]# php pdo.php Array ( [home_id] => 34 [profile] => test [scope] => no [product] => no [cooperate] => no [extension] => n )
| 优点 | 缺点 | |
| 本地转发 | 不用占用bridgeServer机器上新开端口(默认使用22端口) | 占用startServer端口，bridgeServer的IP+端口，更换startServer后需要再次执行ssh命令 |
| 远程转发 | 不限制startServer的IP，bridgeServer执行一次可一直使用转发服务 | 需要bridgeServer持续提供服务的话要启用常住进程，占用bridgeServer机I/O资源 |
| 动态转发 | 不需要bridgeServer提供常住进程服务，无需bridgeServer和targetServer指定端口 | 需要startServer占用端口，更换startServer后需要再次执行ssh命令 |
总的来说，三种转发各有优缺点，本地转发和远程转发需要时刻保证ssh隧道可用，动态转发则不需要，可以按照自己需求设置即可。
至此，三种ssh端口转发方式实践完毕。
