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MySQL基础
1.关系型数据库介绍
1.1 数据结构模型
数据结构模型主要有:
- 层次模型
- 网状结构
- 关键模型
关系模型:
二维关系:row,columm
数据库管理系统:
- DBMS (DataBase Managment System)
关系:relational
关系型数据库管理系统:RDBMS
1.2 RDBMS专用名词
关系型数据库管理系统:
mysql:5.7版本之间都是开源 8.0后开始商业化
- MySQL:MySQL,MariaDB,Percona-Server,sqlserver,MSsql(micresoft sql)
- PostgreSQL:简称为pgsql
- Oracle
- MSSQL
非关系型数据库管理系统:
数据存放在内存当中 变量 key=value
- mongodb
- redis
- memcache
SQL:Structure Query Language,结构化查询语言
约束:constraint,向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制
- 主键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据,不能为空(NOT NULL)。
- 一个表只能存在一个
- 惟一键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空(NULL)
- 一个表可以存在多个
- 外键约束:一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
- 检查性约束
索引:将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存,并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储
1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件
关系型数据库的常见组件有:
- 数据库:database
- 表:table,由行(row)和列(column)组成
- 索引:index
- 视图:view
- 用户:user
- 权限:privilege
- 存储过程:procedure
- 存储函数:function
- 触发器:trigger
- 事件调度器:event scheduler
1.4 SQL语句
SQL语句有三种类型:
- DDL:Data Defination Language,数据定义语言
- DML:Data Manipulation Language,数据操纵语言
- DCL:Data Control Language,数据控制语言
SQL语句类型 | 对应操作 |
---|---|
DDL | CREATE:创建 DROP:删除 ALTER:修改 |
DML | INSERT:向表中插入数据 DELETE:删除表中数据 UPDATE:更新表中数据 SELECT:查询表中数据 |
DCL | GRANT:授权 REVOKE:移除授权 |
2.mysql安装与配置
2.1 mysql安装
mysql安装方式有三种:
- 源代码:编译安装
- 二进制格式的程序包:展开至特定路径,并经过简单配置后即可使用
- 程序包管理器管理的程序包:
- rpm:有两种
- OS Vendor:操作系统发行商提供的
- 项目官方提供的
- deb
- rpm:有两种
mysql安装步骤
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm [root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm [root@localhost ~]# yum module disable mysql //禁用mysql [root@localhost ~]# yum -y install mysql-community-server mysql-community-client mysql-community-common mysql-community-devel --nogpgcheck //下载一个服务端,客户端,命令行,软件包 //--nogpgche禁止进行gpgcheck
2.2 mysql配置
安装完后设置开机自启动
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld [root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld ● mysqld.service - MySQL Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-07-25 14:34:30 CST; 8s ago Docs: man:mysqld(8) http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html Process: 70174 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.p> Process: 70022 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 70176 (mysqld) Tasks: 27 (limit: 23457) Memory: 300.4M CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service └─70176 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid Jul 25 14:34:28 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server... Jul 25 14:34:30 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
查看3306端口是否监听
[root@localhost ~]# ss -anlt | grep 3306 LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
在日志中找出密码
[root@localhost ~]# grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log 2022-07-25T06:34:28.883599Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: OFU+amdhV3Wr //临时密码 2022-07-25T06:35:33.642430Z 0 [Note] Shutting down plugin 'validate_password' 2022-07-25T06:35:34.759663Z 0 [Note] Shutting down plugin 'sha256_password' 2022-07-25T06:35:34.759665Z 0 [Note] Shutting down plugin 'mysql_native_password'
使用临时密码登录MySQL
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pOFU+amdhV3Wr //-p后可以跟密码 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 3 Server version: 5.7.38 Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> //看到这样的标识表示登录进去了
修改mysql登录密码
mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> set global validate_password_length=1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123456'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
为避免mysql自动升级,需要卸载最开始安装的yum源
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release
3.mysql的层序组成
- 客户端
- mysql:CLI交互式客户端程序
- mysql_secure_installation:安全初始化,强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
- mysqldump:mysql备份工具
- mysqladmin
- 服务器端
- mysqld
3.1 mysql工具使用
//语法:mysql [OPTIONS] [database] //常用的OPTIONS: -uUSERNAME //指定用户名,默认为root -hHOST //指定服务器主机,默认为localhost,推荐使用ip地址 //套接字 -pPASSWORD //指定用户的密码 -P# //指定数据库监听的端口,这里的#需用实际的端口号代替,如-P3307 -V //查看当前使用的mysql版本 -e //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出,常用于脚本 -S //使用套接字连接,仅限于用于本地通讯
示例
//查看当前MySQL的版本 [root@localhost ~]# mysql -V mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.38, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper //指定服务器主机,默认为localhost,推荐使用ip地址 //套接字 [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -h127.0.0.1 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 6 Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> //注意,不推荐直接在命令行里直接用-pPASSWORD的方式登录,而是使用-p选项,然后交互式输入密码 [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 7 Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出,常用于脚本 [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -e "show databases;" Enter password: +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+
3.2 服务器监听的两种socket地址
socket | 说明 |
---|---|
ip socket | 默认监听在tcp3306端口,支持远程通信 |
unix | 监听在sock文件上(/tmp/mysql.sock,/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock)仅支持本地通信 server地址只能是:localhost,127.0.0.1 |
4.mysql数据类型
MySQL中定义数据字段的类型对数据库的优化是非常重要的。MySQL支持多种类型,大致可以分为三类:数值、日期/时间和字符串(字符)类型。
4.1 数值类型
- MySQL支持所有标准SQL数值数据类型。这些类型包括严格数值数据类型(INTEGER、SMALLINT、DECIMAL和NUMERIC),以及近似数值数据类型(FLOAT、REAL和DOUBLE PRECISION)。
- 关键字INT是INTEGER的同义词,关键字DEC是DECIMAL的同义词。BIT数据类型保存位字段值,并且支持MyISAM、MEMORY、InnoDB和BDB表。作为SQL标准的扩展,MySQL也支持整数类型TINYINT、MEDIUMINT和BIGINT。下面的表显示了需要的每个整数类型的存储和范围
类型 | 大小 | 范围(有符号) | 范围(无符号) | 用途 |
---|---|---|---|---|
TINYINT | 1 byte | (-128,127) | (0,255) | 小整数值 |
SMALLINT | 2 bytes | (-32 768,32 767) | (0,65 535) | 大整数值 |
MEDIUMINT | 3 bytes | (-8 388 608,8 388 607) | (0,4 294 967 295) | 大整数值 |
INT或INTEGER | 4 bytes | (-2 147 483 648,2 147 483 647) | (0,4 294 967 295) | 大整数值 |
BIGINT | 8 bytes | (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808,9 223 372 036 854 775 807) | (0,18 446 744 073 709 551 615) | 极大整数值 |
FLOAT | 4 bytes | (-3.402 823 466 E+38,-1.175 494 351 E-38),0,(1.175 494 351 E-38,3.402 823 466 351 E+38) | 0,(1.175 494 351 E-38,3.402 823 466 E+38) | 单精度 浮点数值 |
DOUBLE | 8 bytes | (-1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308,-2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308),0,(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308,1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308) | 0,(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308,1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308) | 双精度 浮点数值 |
DECIMAL | 对DECIMAL(M,D) ,如果M>D,为M+2否则为D+2 | 依赖于M和D的值 | 依赖于M和D的值 | 小点数 |
4.2 日期和时间类型
- 表示时间值的日期和时间类型为DATETIME、DATE、TIMESTAMP、TIME和YEAR。每个时间类型有一个有效值范围和一个"零"值,当指定不合法的MySQL不能表示的值时使用"零"值。TIMESTAMP类型有专有的自动更新特性,将在后面描述。
类型 | 大小(byte) | 范围 | 格式 | 用途 |
---|---|---|---|---|
DATE | 3 | 1000-01-01/9999-12-31 | YYYY-MM-DD | 日期值 |
TIME | 3 | '-838:59:59'/'838:59:59' | HH:MM:SS | 时间值或持续时间 |
YEAR | 1 | 1901/2155 | YYYY | 年份值 |
DATETIME | 8 | 1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59 | YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS | 混合日期和时间值 |
TIMESTAMP | 4 | 1970-01-01 00:00:00/2038 结束时间是第 2147483647 秒,北京时间 2038-1-19 11:14:07,格林尼治时间 2038年1月19日 凌晨 03:14:07 |
YYYYMMDD HHMMSS | 混合日期和时间值,时间戳 |
4.3 字符串类型
- 字符串类型指CHAR、VARCHAR、BINARY、VARBINARY、BLOB、TEXT、ENUM和SET。该节描述了这些类型如何工作以及如何在查询中使用这些类型。
类型 | 大小 | 用途 |
---|---|---|
CHAR | 0-255 bytes | 定长字符串 |
VARCHAR | 0-65535 bytes | 变长字符串 |
TINYBLOB | 0-255 bytes | 不超过 255 个字符的二进制字符串 |
TINYTEXT | 0-255 bytes | 短文本字符串 |
BLOB | 0-65 535 bytes | 二进制形式的长文本数据 |
TEXT | 0-65 535 bytes | 长文本数据 |
MEDIUMBLOB | 0-16 777 215 bytes | 二进制形式的中等长度文本数据 |
MEDIUMTEXT | 0-16 777 215 bytes | 中等长度文本数据 |
LONGBLOB | 0-4 294 967 295 bytes | 二进制形式的极大文本数据 |
LONGTEXT | 0-4 294 967 295 bytes | 极大文本数据 |
注意:char(n) 和 varchar(n) 中括号中 n 代表字符的个数,并不代表字节个数,比如 CHAR(30) 就可以存储 30 个字符。
- CHAR 和 VARCHAR 类型类似,但它们保存和检索的方式不同。它们的最大长度和是否尾部空格被保留等方面也不同。在存储或检索过程中不进行大小写转换。
- BINARY 和 VARBINARY 类似于 CHAR 和 VARCHAR,不同的是它们包含二进制字符串而不要非二进制字符串。也就是说,它们包含字节字符串而不是字符字符串。这说明它们没有字符集,并且排序和比较基于列值字节的数值值。
- BLOB 是一个二进制大对象,可以容纳可变数量的数据。有 4 种 BLOB 类型:TINYBLOB、BLOB、MEDIUMBLOB 和 LONGBLOB。它们区别在于可容纳存储范围不同。
- 有 4 种 TEXT 类型:TINYTEXT、TEXT、MEDIUMTEXT 和 LONGTEXT。对应的这 4 种 BLOB 类型,可存储的最大长度不同,可根据实际情况选择。
5.mysql数据库操作
5.1 DDL操作
5.1.1 数据库操作
创建数据库
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p //先进入MySQL数据库 Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 10 Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; //查看数据库 +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create database zxr; //创建数据库 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | | zxr | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
删除数据库
mysql> show databases; //查看数据库 +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | | zxr | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> drop database zxr; //删除数据库 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.1.2 表操作
创建表之前需要进入一个数据库
mysql> create database zxr; //需要先创建一个数据库 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | | zxr | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> use zxr; //进入数据库里 Database changed //进入成功 mysql> create table linux (id int not null ,name varchar(100) not null,age tinyint); //创建表 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> show tables; //查看表 +---------------+ | Tables_in_zxr | +---------------+ | linux | +---------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
删除表
mysql> show tables; +---------------+ | Tables_in_zxr | +---------------+ | linux | +---------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> drop table linux; //drop删除 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show tables; Empty set (0.00 sec)
5.1.3 用户操作
mysql用户帐号由两部分组成,如'USERNAME'@'HOST',表示此USERNAME只能从此HOST上远程登录
host值可以为
- IP地址,如127.0.0.1
- 通配符
- %:配置任意长度的任意字符,常用于设置允许从任何主机登录
- _:匹配任意单个字符
创建用户
数据库用户创建语法:CREATE USER 'username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'];
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 12 Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> create user 'zxr'@'127.0.0.1' identified by '123456'; //创建用户 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
使用新创建的用户和密码登录mysql
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uzxr -p123456 -h127.0.0.1 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 13 Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement. mysql>
删除用户
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 14 Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> drop user 'zxr'@'127.0.0.1'; //删除用户 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql>
4.1.4 查看命令show
查看支持的所有字符
mysql> show character set; +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen | +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 | | dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 | | cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 | | hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 | | koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 | | latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 | | latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 | | swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 | | ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 | | ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
mysql> show engines; +--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+ | Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints | +--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+ | InnoDB | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES | | MRG_MYISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO | | MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO | | BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO | | MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO | | CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO | | ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO | | PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO | | FEDERATED | NO | Federated MySQL storage engine | NULL | NULL | NULL | +--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查看数据库信息
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | | zxr | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
不进入数据库而列出其包含的所有表
mysql> show tables from zxr; +---------------+ | Tables_in_zxr | +---------------+ | linux | +---------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看表结构
mysql> desc zxr.linux; +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | | name | varchar(100) | NO | | NULL | | | age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
查看表的创建命令
mysql> show create table zxr.linux; +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Table | Create Table | +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | linux | CREATE TABLE `linux` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `age` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 | +-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看表的状态
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | | zxr | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> use zxr; //进入数据库 Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> show table status like 'linux'G *************************** 1. row *************************** Name: linux Engine: InnoDB Version: 10 Row_format: Dynamic Rows: 0 Avg_row_length: 0 Data_length: 16384 Max_data_length: 0 Index_length: 0 Data_free: 0 Auto_increment: NULL Create_time: 2022-07-25 16:00:38 Update_time: NULL Check_time: NULL Collation: latin1_swedish_ci Checksum: NULL Create_options: Comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.1.5 如何获取帮助
语法:HELP keyword;
示例
mysql> help create database; Name: 'CREATE DATABASE' Description: Syntax: CREATE {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name [create_option] ... create_option: [DEFAULT] { CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name | COLLATE [=] collation_name } CREATE DATABASE creates a database with the given name. To use this statement, you need the CREATE privilege for the database. CREATE SCHEMA is a synonym for CREATE DATABASE. URL: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-database.html