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Vue中组件通信方式有很多,其中Vue2和Vue3实现起来也会有很多差异;本文将通过选项式API
组合式API
以及setup
三种不同实现方式全面介绍Vue2和Vue3的组件通信方式。其中将要实现的通信方式如下表所示
方式 | Vue2 | Vue3 |
---|---|---|
父传子 | props | props |
子传父 | $emit | emits |
父传子 | $attrs | attrs |
子传父 | $listeners | 无(合并到 attrs方式) |
父传子 | provide | provide |
子传父 | inject | inject |
子组件访问父组件 | $parent | 无 |
父组件访问子组件 | $children | 无 |
父组件访问子组件 | $ref | expose&ref |
兄弟传值 | EventBus | mitt |
props
props是组件通信中最常用的通信方式之一。父组件通过v-bind传入,子组件通过props接收,下面是它的三种实现方式
- 选项式API
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child :msg="parentMsg" /> </div> </template> <script> import Child from './Child' export default { components:{ Child }, data() { return { parentMsg: '父组件信息' } } } </script> //子组件 <template> <div> {{msg}} </div> </template> <script> export default { props:['msg'] } </script>
- 组合式Api
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child :msg="parentMsg" /> </div> </template> <script> import { ref,defineComponent } from 'vue' import Child from './Child.vue' export default defineComponent({ components:{ Child }, setup() { const parentMsg = ref('父组件信息') return { parentMsg }; }, }); </script> //子组件 <template> <div> {{ parentMsg }} </div> </template> <script> import { defineComponent,toRef } from "vue"; export default defineComponent({ props: ["msg"],// 如果这行不写,下面就接收不到 setup(props) { console.log(props.msg) //父组件信息 let parentMsg = toRef(props, 'msg') return { parentMsg }; }, }); </script>
- setup语法糖
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child :msg="parentMsg" /> </div> </template> <script setup> import { ref } from 'vue' import Child from './Child.vue' const parentMsg = ref('父组件信息') </script> //子组件 <template> <div> {{ parentMsg }} </div> </template> <script setup> import { toRef, defineProps } from "vue"; const props = defineProps(["msg"]); console.log(props.msg) //父组件信息 let parentMsg = toRef(props, 'msg') </script>
注意
props中数据流是单项的,即子组件不可改变父组件传来的值
在组合式API中,如果想在子组件中用其它变量接收props的值时需要使用toRef将props中的属性转为响应式。
emit
子组件可以通过emit发布一个事件并传递一些参数,父组件通过v-on进行这个事件的监听
- 选项式API
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child @sendMsg="getFromChild" /> </div> </template> <script> import Child from './Child' export default { components:{ Child }, methods: { getFromChild(val) { console.log(val) //我是子组件数据 } } } </script> // 子组件 <template> <div> <button @click="sendFun">send</button> </div> </template> <script> export default { methods:{ sendFun(){ this.$emit('sendMsg','我是子组件数据') } } } </script>
- 组合式Api
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child @sendMsg="getFromChild" /> </div> </template> <script> import Child from './Child' import { defineComponent } from "vue"; export default defineComponent({ components: { Child }, setup() { const getFromChild = (val) => { console.log(val) //我是子组件数据 } return { getFromChild }; }, }); </script> //子组件 <template> <div> <button @click="sendFun">send</button> </div> </template> <script> import { defineComponent } from "vue"; export default defineComponent({ emits: ['sendMsg'], setup(props, ctx) { const sendFun = () => { ctx.emit('sendMsg', '我是子组件数据') } return { sendFun }; }, }); </script>
- setup语法糖
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child @sendMsg="getFromChild" /> </div> </template> <script setup> import Child from './Child' const getFromChild = (val) => { console.log(val) //我是子组件数据 } </script> //子组件 <template> <div> <button @click="sendFun">send</button> </div> </template> <script setup> import { defineEmits } from "vue"; const emits = defineEmits(['sendMsg']) const sendFun = () => { emits('sendMsg', '我是子组件数据') } </script>
attrs和listeners
子组件使用$attrs可以获得父组件除了props传递的属性和特性绑定属性 (class和 style)之外的所有属性。
子组件使用$listeners可以获得父组件(不含.native修饰器的)所有v-on事件监听器,在Vue3中已经不再使用;但是Vue3中的attrs不仅可以获得父组件传来的属性也可以获得父组件v-on事件监听器
- 选项式API
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child @parentFun="parentFun" :msg1="msg1" :msg2="msg2" /> </div> </template> <script> import Child from './Child' export default { components:{ Child }, data(){ return { msg1:'子组件msg1', msg2:'子组件msg2' } }, methods: { parentFun(val) { console.log(`父组件方法被调用,获得子组件传值:${val}`) } } } </script> //子组件 <template> <div> <button @click="getParentFun">调用父组件方法</button> </div> </template> <script> export default { methods:{ getParentFun(){ this.$listeners.parentFun('我是子组件数据') } }, created(){ //获取父组件中所有绑定属性 console.log(this.$attrs) //{"msg1": "子组件msg1","msg2": "子组件msg2"} //获取父组件中所有绑定方法 console.log(this.$listeners) //{parentFun:f} } } </script>
- 组合式API
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child @parentFun="parentFun" :msg1="msg1" :msg2="msg2" /> </div> </template> <script> import Child from './Child' import { defineComponent,ref } from "vue"; export default defineComponent({ components: { Child }, setup() { const msg1 = ref('子组件msg1') const msg2 = ref('子组件msg2') const parentFun = (val) => { console.log(`父组件方法被调用,获得子组件传值:${val}`) } return { parentFun, msg1, msg2 }; }, }); </script> //子组件 <template> <div> <button @click="getParentFun">调用父组件方法</button> </div> </template> <script> import { defineComponent } from "vue"; export default defineComponent({ emits: ['sendMsg'], setup(props, ctx) { //获取父组件方法和事件 console.log(ctx.attrs) //Proxy {"msg1": "子组件msg1","msg2": "子组件msg2"} const getParentFun = () => { //调用父组件方法 ctx.attrs.onParentFun('我是子组件数据') } return { getParentFun }; }, }); </script>
- setup语法糖
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child @parentFun="parentFun" :msg1="msg1" :msg2="msg2" /> </div> </template> <script setup> import Child from './Child' import { ref } from "vue"; const msg1 = ref('子组件msg1') const msg2 = ref('子组件msg2') const parentFun = (val) => { console.log(`父组件方法被调用,获得子组件传值:${val}`) } </script> //子组件 <template> <div> <button @click="getParentFun">调用父组件方法</button> </div> </template> <script setup> import { useAttrs } from "vue"; const attrs = useAttrs() //获取父组件方法和事件 console.log(attrs) //Proxy {"msg1": "子组件msg1","msg2": "子组件msg2"} const getParentFun = () => { //调用父组件方法 attrs.onParentFun('我是子组件数据') } </script>
注意
Vue3中使用attrs调用父组件方法时,方法前需要加上on;如parentFun->onParentFun
provide/inject
provide:是一个对象,或者是一个返回对象的函数。里面包含要给子孙后代属性
inject:一个字符串数组,或者是一个对象。获取父组件或更高层次的组件provide的值,既在任何后代组件都可以通过inject获得
- 选项式API
//父组件 <script> import Child from './Child' export default { components: { Child }, data() { return { msg1: '子组件msg1', msg2: '子组件msg2' } }, provide() { return { msg1: this.msg1, msg2: this.msg2 } } } </script> //子组件 <script> export default { inject:['msg1','msg2'], created(){ //获取高层级提供的属性 console.log(this.msg1) //子组件msg1 console.log(this.msg2) //子组件msg2 } } </script>
- 组合式API
//父组件 <script> import Child from './Child' import { ref, defineComponent,provide } from "vue"; export default defineComponent({ components:{ Child }, setup() { const msg1 = ref('子组件msg1') const msg2 = ref('子组件msg2') provide("msg1", msg1) provide("msg2", msg2) return { } }, }); </script> //子组件 <template> <div> <button @click="getParentFun">调用父组件方法</button> </div> </template> <script> import { inject, defineComponent } from "vue"; export default defineComponent({ setup() { console.log(inject('msg1').value) //子组件msg1 console.log(inject('msg2').value) //子组件msg2 }, }); </script>
- setup语法糖
//父组件 <script setup> import Child from './Child' import { ref,provide } from "vue"; const msg1 = ref('子组件msg1') const msg2 = ref('子组件msg2') provide("msg1",msg1) provide("msg2",msg2) </script> //子组件 <script setup> import { inject } from "vue"; console.log(inject('msg1').value) //子组件msg1 console.log(inject('msg2').value) //子组件msg2 </script>
说明
provide/inject一般在深层组件嵌套中使用合适。一般在组件开发中用的居多。
parent/children
$parent: 子组件获取父组件Vue实例,可以获取父组件的属性方法等
$children: 父组件获取子组件Vue实例,是一个数组,是直接儿子的集合,但并不保证子组件的顺序
- Vue2
import Child from './Child' export default { components: { Child }, created(){ console.log(this.$children) //[Child实例] console.log(this.$parent)//父组件实例 } }
注意
父组件获取到的$children
并不是响应式的
expose&ref
$refs可以直接获取元素属性,同时也可以直接获取子组件实例
- 选项式API
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child ref="child" /> </div> </template> <script> import Child from './Child' export default { components: { Child }, mounted(){ //获取子组件属性 console.log(this.$refs.child.msg) //子组件元素 //调用子组件方法 this.$refs.child.childFun('父组件信息') } } </script> //子组件 <template> <div> <div></div> </div> </template> <script> export default { data(){ return { msg:'子组件元素' } }, methods:{ childFun(val){ console.log(`子组件方法被调用,值${val}`) } } } </script>
- 组合式API
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child ref="child" /> </div> </template> <script> import Child from './Child' import { ref, defineComponent, onMounted } from "vue"; export default defineComponent({ components: { Child }, setup() { const child = ref() //注意命名需要和template中ref对应 onMounted(() => { //获取子组件属性 console.log(child.value.msg) //子组件元素 //调用子组件方法 child.value.childFun('父组件信息') }) return { child //必须return出去 否则获取不到实例 } }, }); </script> //子组件 <template> <div> </div> </template> <script> import { defineComponent, ref } from "vue"; export default defineComponent({ setup() { const msg = ref('子组件元素') const childFun = (val) => { console.log(`子组件方法被调用,值${val}`) } return { msg, childFun } }, }); </script>
- setup语法糖
//父组件 <template> <div> <Child ref="child" /> </div> </template> <script setup> import Child from './Child' import { ref, onMounted } from "vue"; const child = ref() //注意命名需要和template中ref对应 onMounted(() => { //获取子组件属性 console.log(child.value.msg) //子组件元素 //调用子组件方法 child.value.childFun('父组件信息') }) </script> //子组件 <template> <div> </div> </template> <script setup> import { ref,defineExpose } from "vue"; const msg = ref('子组件元素') const childFun = (val) => { console.log(`子组件方法被调用,值${val}`) } //必须暴露出去父组件才会获取到 defineExpose({ childFun, msg }) </script>
注意
通过ref获取子组件实例必须在页面挂载完成后才能获取。
在使用setup语法糖时候,子组件必须元素或方法暴露出去父组件才能获取到
EventBus/mitt
兄弟组件通信可以通过一个事件中心EventBus实现,既新建一个Vue实例来进行事件的监听,触发和销毁。
在Vue3中没有了EventBus兄弟组件通信,但是现在有了一个替代的方案mitt.js
,原理还是 EventBus
- 选项式API
//组件1 <template> <div> <button @click="sendMsg">传值</button> </div> </template> <script> import Bus from './bus.js' export default { data(){ return { msg:'子组件元素' } }, methods:{ sendMsg(){ Bus.$emit('sendMsg','兄弟的值') } } } </script> //组件2 <template> <div> 组件2 </div> </template> <script> import Bus from './bus.js' export default { created(){ Bus.$on('sendMsg',(val)=>{ console.log(val);//兄弟的值 }) } } </script> //bus.js import Vue from "vue" export default new Vue()
- 组合式API
首先安装mitt
npm i mitt -S
然后像Vue2中bus.js
一样新建mitt.js
文件
mitt.js
import mitt from 'mitt' const Mitt = mitt() export default Mitt
//组件1 <template> <button @click="sendMsg">传值</button> </template> <script> import { defineComponent } from "vue"; import Mitt from './mitt.js' export default defineComponent({ setup() { const sendMsg = () => { Mitt.emit('sendMsg','兄弟的值') } return { sendMsg } }, }); </script> //组件2 <template> <div> 组件2 </div> </template> <script> import { defineComponent, onUnmounted } from "vue"; import Mitt from './mitt.js' export default defineComponent({ setup() { const getMsg = (val) => { console.log(val);//兄弟的值 } Mitt.on('sendMsg', getMsg) onUnmounted(() => { //组件销毁 移除监听 Mitt.off('sendMsg', getMsg) }) }, }); </script>
- setup语法糖
//组件1 <template> <button @click="sendMsg">传值</button> </template> <script setup> import Mitt from './mitt.js' const sendMsg = () => { Mitt.emit('sendMsg', '兄弟的值') } </script> //组件2 <template> <div> 组件2 </div> </template> <script setup> import { onUnmounted } from "vue"; import Mitt from './mitt.js' const getMsg = (val) => { console.log(val);//兄弟的值 } Mitt.on('sendMsg', getMsg) onUnmounted(() => { //组件销毁 移除监听 Mitt.off('sendMsg', getMsg) }) </script>