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华丽炫酷的动画特效总能够让人心旷神怡,不能自已。艳羡之余,如果还能够探究其华丽外表下的实现逻辑,那就是百尺竿头,更上一步了。本次我们使用图片、SCSS样式以及SVG图片动画来实现“点赞”按钮的动画特效,并比较不同之处。
图片实现
最简单,也最容易理解的实现方式就是使用图片。曾几何时,几乎所有前端特效都需要借助图片来完成。
实现原理很简单,通过不同的关键帧来“拼接”一段完整的动画影片,每一帧即该动画的每一个瞬间“状态”。
首先声明必要的盒子模型:
<div class="heart"></div>
这里以div为例子,声明伪类对象heart。
随后通过样式对heart伪类进行控制:
.heart { cursor: pointer; height: 50px; width: 50px; background-image:url( 'https://abs.twimg.com/a/1446542199/img/t1/web_heart_animation.png'); background-position: left; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:2900%; } .heart:hover { background-position:right; } .is_animating { animation: heart-burst .8s steps(28) 1; } @keyframes heart-burst { from {background-position:left;} to { background-position:right;} }
这里指定背景图片位置,只显示最左侧的背景元素,鼠标悬停时则只显示最右侧背景元素,然后当鼠标点击div时,触发@keyframes heart-burst动画,从左侧移动至右侧,一共进行28帧的侧移动作:
这样就完成了一段流畅的动画特效:
See the Pen <a href="https://codepen.io/v3ucom/pen/yLjNERX"> Untitled</a> by 刘悦的技术博客 (<a href="https://codepen.io/v3ucom">@v3ucom</a>) on <a href="https://codepen.io">CodePen</a>.
需要注意的是,这里需要借助JavaScript绑定单击事件,所以需要引入zepto.min.js文件
https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/zepto/1.2.0/zepto.min.js
通过zepto.min.js库就可以很方便的操作页面节点:
$(".heart").on('click touchstart', function(){ $(this).toggleClass('is_animating'); }); $(".heart").on('animationend', function(){ $(this).toggleClass('is_animating'); });
逻辑是单击事件触发动画,动画执行过程中再次点击则移除动画效果。
此种方式依赖多帧背景图、CSS动画以及JavaScript事件绑定,显然成本有些高,同时多帧图片平铺导致体积过大,也会占用系统带宽,得不偿失。
纯SCSS(样式)实现
使用纯CSS样式也可以完成这样的特效,但CSS3原生语法太过复杂,这里我们使用SCSS语法,SCSS是 CSS3的超集,在保证兼容性的前提下,允许使用变量、 嵌套、 混合、导入等特性, 在编写逻辑复杂的CSS代码时,可以简化逻辑,提高CSS的代码可读性。
首先还是创建基本盒子模型:
<input id="toggle-heart" type="checkbox"/> <label for="toggle-heart">❤</label>
这里通过复选框和标签元素来控制点赞按钮的状态。
随后编写SCSS逻辑:
$bubble-d: 4.5rem; // bubble diameter $bubble-r: .5*$bubble-d; // bubble-radius @mixin bubble($ext) { transform: scale(1); border-color: #cc8ef5; border-width: $ext; } body { display: flex; justify-content: center; margin: 0; height: 100vh; } [id='toggle-heart'] { position: absolute; left: -100vw; &:checked + label { color: #e2264d; will-change: font-size; animation: heart 1s cubic-bezier(.17, .89, .32, 1.49); &:before, &:after { animation: inherit; animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(.21, .61, .35, 1); } &:before { will-change: transform, border-width, border-color; animation-name: bubble; } } } [for='toggle-heart'] { align-self: center; position: relative; color: #aab8c2; font-size: 2em; cursor: pointer; &:before, &:after { position: absolute; z-index: -1; top: 50%; left: 50%; border-radius: 50%; content: ''; } &:before { box-sizing: border-box; margin: -$bubble-r; border: solid $bubble-r #e2264d; width: $bubble-d; height: $bubble-d; transform: scale(0); } } @keyframes heart { 0%, 17.5% { font-size: 0; } } @keyframes bubble { 15% { @include bubble($bubble-r); } 30%, 100% { @include bubble(0); } }
这里首先将复选框按钮移出界面,随后定义bubble对象,这里bubble指的是点击后膨胀的紫色(#cc8ef5)泡泡,直径是4.5rem,并且圆角修饰:$bubble-r: .5*$bubble-d
随后通过id选择器toggle-heart状态判断元素状态,触发heart和bubble动画,在一秒内动态的改变heart元素以及bubble元素的位置、大小以及边框透明度,从而完成动态特效。
接着添加烟花特效:
body { display: flex; justify-content: center; margin: 0; height: 100vh; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #121721, #000); font: 1em verdana, sans-serif; } [id='toggle-heart'] { position: absolute; left: -100vw; } [id='toggle-heart']:checked + label { color: #e2264d; filter: none; will-change: font-size; -webkit-animation: heart 1s cubic-bezier(0.17, 0.89, 0.32, 1.49); animation: heart 1s cubic-bezier(0.17, 0.89, 0.32, 1.49); } [id='toggle-heart']:checked + label:before, [id='toggle-heart']:checked + label:after { -webkit-animation: inherit; animation: inherit; -webkit-animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-timing-function: ease-out; } [id='toggle-heart']:checked + label:before { will-change: transform, border-width, border-color; -webkit-animation-name: bubble; animation-name: bubble; } [id='toggle-heart']:checked + label:after { will-change: opacity, box-shadow; -webkit-animation-name: sparkles; animation-name: sparkles; } [id='toggle-heart']:focus + label { text-shadow: 0 0 3px white, 0 1px 1px white, 0 -1px 1px white, 1px 0 1px white, -1px 0 1px white; } [for='toggle-heart'] { align-self: center; position: relative; color: #888; font-size: 2em; filter: grayscale(1); -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; cursor: pointer; } [for='toggle-heart']:before, [for='toggle-heart']:after { position: absolute; z-index: -1; top: 50%; left: 50%; border-radius: 50%; content: ''; } [for='toggle-heart']:before { box-sizing: border-box; margin: -2.25rem; border: solid 2.25rem #e2264d; width: 4.5rem; height: 4.5rem; transform: scale(0); } [for='toggle-heart']:after { margin: -0.1875rem; width: 0.375rem; height: 0.375rem; box-shadow: 0.32476rem -3rem 0 -0.1875rem #ff8080, -0.32476rem -2.625rem 0 -0.1875rem #ffed80, 2.54798rem -1.61656rem 0 -0.1875rem #ffed80, 1.84982rem -1.89057rem 0 -0.1875rem #a4ff80, 2.85252rem 0.98418rem 0 -0.1875rem #a4ff80, 2.63145rem 0.2675rem 0 -0.1875rem #80ffc8, 1.00905rem 2.84381rem 0 -0.1875rem #80ffc8, 1.43154rem 2.22414rem 0 -0.1875rem #80c8ff, -1.59425rem 2.562rem 0 -0.1875rem #80c8ff, -0.84635rem 2.50595rem 0 -0.1875rem #a480ff, -2.99705rem 0.35095rem 0 -0.1875rem #a480ff, -2.48692rem 0.90073rem 0 -0.1875rem #ff80ed, -2.14301rem -2.12438rem 0 -0.1875rem #ff80ed, -2.25479rem -1.38275rem 0 -0.1875rem #ff8080; } @-webkit-keyframes heart { 0%, 17.5% { font-size: 0; } } @keyframes heart { 0%, 17.5% { font-size: 0; } } @-webkit-keyframes bubble { 15% { transform: scale(1); border-color: #cc8ef5; border-width: 2.25rem; } 30%, 100% { transform: scale(1); border-color: #cc8ef5; border-width: 0; } } @keyframes bubble { 15% { transform: scale(1); border-color: #cc8ef5; border-width: 2.25rem; } 30%, 100% { transform: scale(1); border-color: #cc8ef5; border-width: 0; } } @-webkit-keyframes sparkles { 0%, 20% { opacity: 0; } 25% { opacity: 1; box-shadow: 0.32476rem -2.4375rem 0 0rem #ff8080, -0.32476rem -2.0625rem 0 0rem #ffed80, 2.1082rem -1.26585rem 0 0rem #ffed80, 1.41004rem -1.53985rem 0 0rem #a4ff80, 2.30412rem 0.85901rem 0 0rem #a4ff80, 2.08305rem 0.14233rem 0 0rem #80ffc8, 0.76499rem 2.33702rem 0 0rem #80ffc8, 1.18748rem 1.71734rem 0 0rem #80c8ff, -1.35019rem 2.0552rem 0 0rem #80c8ff, -0.60229rem 1.99916rem 0 0rem #a480ff, -2.44865rem 0.22578rem 0 0rem #a480ff, -1.93852rem 0.77557rem 0 0rem #ff80ed, -1.70323rem -1.77366rem 0 0rem #ff80ed, -1.81501rem -1.03204rem 0 0rem #ff8080; } } @keyframes sparkles { 0%, 20% { opacity: 0; } 25% { opacity: 1; box-shadow: 0.32476rem -2.4375rem 0 0rem #ff8080, -0.32476rem -2.0625rem 0 0rem #ffed80, 2.1082rem -1.26585rem 0 0rem #ffed80, 1.41004rem -1.53985rem 0 0rem #a4ff80, 2.30412rem 0.85901rem 0 0rem #a4ff80, 2.08305rem 0.14233rem 0 0rem #80ffc8, 0.76499rem 2.33702rem 0 0rem #80ffc8, 1.18748rem 1.71734rem 0 0rem #80c8ff, -1.35019rem 2.0552rem 0 0rem #80c8ff, -0.60229rem 1.99916rem 0 0rem #a480ff, -2.44865rem 0.22578rem 0 0rem #a480ff, -1.93852rem 0.77557rem 0 0rem #ff80ed, -1.70323rem -1.77366rem 0 0rem #ff80ed, -1.81501rem -1.03204rem 0 0rem #ff8080; } }
新增sparkles对象,通过动态的控制元素的彩色阴影来表现点击后的烟花动态效果:
See the Pen <a href="https://codepen.io/v3ucom/pen/eYrNLWY"> Untitled</a> by 刘悦的技术博客 (<a href="https://codepen.io/v3ucom">@v3ucom</a>) on <a href="https://codepen.io">CodePen</a>.
这里为了增加效果对比度,将背景设置为深色,同时为点赞按钮增加亮色边框:
[id='toggle-heart']:focus + label { text-shadow: 0 0 3px #fff, 0 1px 1px #fff, 0 -1px 1px #fff, 1px 0 1px #fff, -1px 0 1px #fff; }
大体上,利用transform属性控制元素的绝对定位、颜色、边框以及盒子模型阴影来完成此种特效,带宽资源占用层面,明显比图片更具优势。
SVG实现
SVG是矢量图形,不受像素的影响,从而使得它在不同的平台或者媒体下表现出的兼容性更好,与此同时,SVG对动画的支持较好,其DOM结构可以被其特定语法或者CSS控制,从而轻松的实现动画效果。
首先依然声明盒子模型:
<label class="like"> <input type="checkbox"/> <div class="hearth"/> </label>
随后定义样式:
:root { --size: 100px; --frames: 62; } html { background-color: #15202B; min-height: 100vh; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; user-select: none; } input { display: none; } .like { display: block; width: var(--size); height: var(--size); cursor: pointer; border-radius: 999px; overflow: visible; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; } .hearth { background-image: url('https://assets.codepen.io/23500/Hashflag-AppleEvent.svg'); background-size: calc(var(--size) * var(--frames)) var(--size); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position-x: calc(var(--size) * (var(--frames) * -1 + 2)); background-position-y: calc(var(--size) * 0.02); width: var(--size); height: var(--size); } input:checked + .hearth { animation: like 1s steps(calc(var(--frames) - 3)); animation-fill-mode: forwards; } @keyframes like { 0% { background-position-x: 0; } 100% { background-position-x: calc(var(--size) * (var(--frames) * -1 + 3)); } } @media (hover: hover) { .like:hover { background-color: #E1255E15; .hearth { background-position-x: calc(var(--size) * (var(--frames) * -1 + 1)); } } }
和普通图片如出一辙,通过background-image来控制背景SVG图片的顺序,对背景的横坐标进行侧移动画操作,只不过帧数提高到62帧:
See the Pen <a href="https://codepen.io/v3ucom/pen/MWGwXPv"> Untitled</a> by 刘悦的技术博客 (<a href="https://codepen.io/v3ucom">@v3ucom</a>) on <a href="https://codepen.io">CodePen</a>.
可以看到这里通过input:checked状态就可以触发@keyframes like横移动画,并不需要单独撰写JavaScript逻辑。
结语
三种动画特效实现方式各有千秋,但从可维护性以及成本控制角度上看,SCSS显然是最优解。