老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim已关闭评论
37 次浏览

A+

摘要

公司配发的电脑是 macOS，日常开发需要访问 Linux 虚拟机，出于安全方面的考虑，只能通过跳板机登录。这阻止了大多数远程图形界面的使用，让写代码的工作变得复杂起来，市面上非常好用的 VSCode 都用不了。因此考虑基于 vim 搭建一套个人开发环境，需要支持以下特性：

便宜好用的国外VPS推荐

问题背景

语法高亮 (风格可切换)
自动格式化
函数或变量定义跳转
函数或变量引用跳转
成员函数或变量下拉列表提示
函数或变量 TAB 键自动补齐
快速查找
……

考察了多种方案后，决定基于目前比较流行的 neovim 来打造，不过它面向的是比较新的 Linux 发行版，不知道我这个老的 CentOS7 能不能带起来，本文就是一个探索过程。

系统环境

开始之前，先罗列下老旧系统的配置：

硬件
- CPU： 2.40GHz * 2 核
- 内存： 16G
- 存储： 40G + 100G
软件
- 系统：CentOS Linux release 7.9.2009 (Core)
- kernel：3.10.0-1160.21.1.el7.x86_64
- rpm：4.11.3
- gcc：4.8.5 (备选 8.2)
- glibc：2.17
- make：GNU make 3.82
- openssl：1.0.2k
- git：1.8
- wget：1.14
- python: 3.6.8

确实是老旧，都是公司成本控制的泪~

软件安装

整个搭建过程是比较坎坷的，常常是装了 Z 之后才发现它依赖 X、Y，去安装 X、Y 的时候又发现一坨问题……这里为了直接上手，改为正叙模式，按这个方式一步步安装、升级，应该是没问题的。如果你的系统上已经存在依赖的软件且版本一致或更新，可以忽略对应安装过程。

在 Linux 上安装软件，一般有源码安装和包管理器安装两种方式，后者在 CentOS 上就是 yum 了，然而软件源提供的软件一般版本较低，有时需要使用前者，这就比较依赖 wget、git、gcc 和 make 了，这也是在上一节中列出他们版本的原因，在开始安装各种软件之前，需要首先升级他们。

基础软件升级

gcc

系统提供的 4.8.5 编译基本是够用的，后面代码格式化需要用到的 clang-format 模块如果是源码方式安装，要求 gcc 至少是 5.1，如果你有 5.1 及以上的 gcc 那更好。没有也没关系，本文会用其它方式绕过，毕竟升级 gcc 是一项大工程，没有半天是搞不定的，太耽误功夫。

虽然不必升级 gcc，但是一些代码库使用的高版本 gcc 默认了 -std=c99 选项，这点对老版本非常不友好，为此需要特意告诉老 gcc 编译器这个选项。具体就是修改 gcc 的 spec 文件，首先是确认当前系统 gcc 加载的 spec 文件：

> strace -e file gcc 2>&1 | grep specs access("/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/specs", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) access("/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../x86_64-redhat-linux/lib/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/specs", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) access("/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../x86_64-redhat-linux/lib/specs", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) access("/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/specs", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

目前看是没有，需要使用 gcc 析出一份默认的：

> sudo bash -c 'gcc -dumpspecs > /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/specs'

注意析出的路径就是上面加载路径中的第一条，内容如下：

查看代码

 *asm: %{m32:--32}  %{m32|mx32:;:--64}  %{mx32:--x32}  %{!mno-sse2avx:%{mavx:-msse2avx}} %{msse2avx:%{!mavx:-msse2avx}}  *asm_debug: %{!g0:%{gstabs*:--gstabs}%{!gstabs*:%{g*:--gdwarf2}}} %{fdebug-prefix-map=*:--debug-prefix-map %*}  *asm_final: %{gsplit-dwarf:        objcopy --extract-dwo 	 %{c:%{o*:%*}%{!o*:%b%O}}%{!c:%U%O} 	 %{c:%{o*:%:replace-extension(%{o*:%*} .dwo)}%{!o*:%b.dwo}}%{!c:%b.dwo}        objcopy --strip-dwo 	 %{c:%{o*:%*}%{!o*:%b%O}}%{!c:%U%O}     }  *asm_options: %{-target-help:%:print-asm-header()} %{v} %{w:-W} %{I*} %a %Y %{c:%W{o*}%{!o*:-o %w%b%O}}%{!c:-o %d%w%u%O}  *invoke_as: %{!fwpa:   %{fcompare-debug=*|fdump-final-insns=*:%:compare-debug-dump-opt()}   %{!S:-o %|.s |  as %(asm_options) %m.s %A }  }  *cpp: %{posix:-D_POSIX_SOURCE} %{pthread:-D_REENTRANT}  *cpp_options: %(cpp_unique_options) %1 %{m*} %{std*&ansi&trigraphs} %{W*&pedantic*} %{w} %{f*} %{g*:%{!g0:%{g*} %{!fno-working-directory:-fworking-directory}}} %{O*} %{undef} %{save-temps*:-fpch-preprocess}  *cpp_debug_options: %{d*}  *cpp_unique_options: %{!Q:-quiet} %{nostdinc*} %{C} %{CC} %{v} %{I*&F*} %{P} %I %{MD:-MD %{!o:%b.d}%{o*:%.d%*}} %{MMD:-MMD %{!o:%b.d}%{o*:%.d%*}} %{M} %{MM} %{MF*} %{MG} %{MP} %{MQ*} %{MT*} %{!E:%{!M:%{!MM:%{!MT:%{!MQ:%{MD|MMD:%{o*:-MQ %*}}}}}}} %{remap} %{g3|ggdb3|gstabs3|gcoff3|gxcoff3|gvms3:-dD} %{!iplugindir*:%{fplugin*:%:find-plugindir()}} %{H} %C %{D*&U*&A*} %{i*} %Z %i %{fmudflap:-D_MUDFLAP -include mf-runtime.h} %{fmudflapth:-D_MUDFLAP -D_MUDFLAPTH -include mf-runtime.h} %{E|M|MM:%W{o*}}  *trad_capable_cpp: cc1 -E %{traditional|traditional-cpp:-traditional-cpp}  *cc1: %{!mandroid|tno-android-cc:%(cc1_cpu) %{profile:-p};:%(cc1_cpu) %{profile:-p} %{!mglibc:%{!muclibc:%{!mbionic: -mbionic}}} %{!fno-pic:%{!fno-PIC:%{!fpic:%{!fPIC: -fPIC}}}}}  *cc1_options: %{pg:%{fomit-frame-pointer:%e-pg and -fomit-frame-pointer are incompatible}} %{!iplugindir*:%{fplugin*:%:find-plugindir()}} %1 %{!Q:-quiet} %{!dumpbase:-dumpbase %B} %{d*} %{m*} %{aux-info*} %{fcompare-debug-second:%:compare-debug-auxbase-opt(%b)}  %{!fcompare-debug-second:%{c|S:%{o*:-auxbase-strip %*}%{!o*:-auxbase %b}}}%{!c:%{!S:-auxbase %b}}  %{g*} %{O*} %{W*&pedantic*} %{w} %{std*&ansi&trigraphs} %{v:-version} %{pg:-p} %{p} %{f*} %{undef} %{Qn:-fno-ident} %{Qy:} %{-help:--help} %{-target-help:--target-help} %{-version:--version} %{-help=*:--help=%*} %{!fsyntax-only:%{S:%W{o*}%{!o*:-o %b.s}}} %{fsyntax-only:-o %j} %{-param*} %{fmudflap|fmudflapth:-fno-builtin -fno-merge-constants} %{coverage:-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage}  *cc1plus:   *link_gcc_c_sequence: %{static:--start-group} %G %L %{static:--end-group}%{!static:%G}  *link_ssp: %{fstack-protector:}  *endfile: %{!mandroid|tno-android-ld:%{Ofast|ffast-math|funsafe-math-optimizations:crtfastmath.o%s}    %{mpc32:crtprec32.o%s}    %{mpc64:crtprec64.o%s}    %{mpc80:crtprec80.o%s} %{shared|pie:crtendS.o%s;:crtend.o%s} crtn.o%s;:%{Ofast|ffast-math|funsafe-math-optimizations:crtfastmath.o%s}    %{mpc32:crtprec32.o%s}    %{mpc64:crtprec64.o%s}    %{mpc80:crtprec80.o%s} %{shared: crtend_so%O%s;: crtend_android%O%s}}  *link: %{!r:--build-id} --no-add-needed %{!static:--eh-frame-hdr} --hash-style=gnu %{!mandroid|tno-android-ld:%{m32|mx32:;:-m elf_x86_64}                    %{m32:-m elf_i386}                    %{mx32:-m elf32_x86_64}   %{shared:-shared}   %{!shared:     %{!static:       %{rdynamic:-export-dynamic}       %{m32:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ld-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linker;:/lib/ld-linux.so.2}}}       %{m32|mx32:;:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ld64-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linker64;:/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2}}}       %{mx32:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ldx32-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linkerx32;:/libx32/ld-linux-x32.so.2}}}}     %{static:-static}};:%{m32|mx32:;:-m elf_x86_64}                    %{m32:-m elf_i386}                    %{mx32:-m elf32_x86_64}   %{shared:-shared}   %{!shared:     %{!static:       %{rdynamic:-export-dynamic}       %{m32:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ld-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linker;:/lib/ld-linux.so.2}}}       %{m32|mx32:;:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ld64-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linker64;:/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2}}}       %{mx32:-dynamic-linker %{muclibc:/lib/ldx32-uClibc.so.0;:%{mbionic:/system/bin/linkerx32;:/libx32/ld-linux-x32.so.2}}}}     %{static:-static}} %{shared: -Bsymbolic}}  *lib: %{!mandroid|tno-android-ld:%{pthread:-lpthread}    %{shared:-lc}    %{!shared:%{mieee-fp:-lieee} %{profile:-lc_p}%{!profile:-lc}};:%{pthread:-lpthread}    %{shared:-lc}    %{!shared:%{mieee-fp:-lieee} %{profile:-lc_p}%{!profile:-lc}} %{!static: -ldl}}  *mfwrap:  %{static: %{fmudflap|fmudflapth:  --wrap=malloc --wrap=free --wrap=calloc --wrap=realloc --wrap=mmap --wrap=mmap64 --wrap=munmap --wrap=alloca} %{fmudflapth: --wrap=pthread_create}} %{fmudflap|fmudflapth: --wrap=main}  *mflib: %{fmudflap|fmudflapth: -export-dynamic}  *link_gomp:   *libgcc: %{static|static-libgcc:-lgcc -lgcc_eh}%{!static:%{!static-libgcc:%{!shared-libgcc:-lgcc --as-needed -lgcc_s --no-as-needed}%{shared-libgcc:-lgcc_s%{!shared: -lgcc}}}}  *startfile: %{!mandroid|tno-android-ld:%{!shared: %{pg|p|profile:gcrt1.o%s;pie:Scrt1.o%s;:crt1.o%s}}    crti.o%s %{static:crtbeginT.o%s;shared|pie:crtbeginS.o%s;:crtbegin.o%s};:%{shared: crtbegin_so%O%s;:  %{static: crtbegin_static%O%s;: crtbegin_dynamic%O%s}}}  *cross_compile: 0  *version: 4.8.5  *multilib: . !m64 !m32;64:../lib64 m64 !m32;32:../lib !m64 m32;  *multilib_defaults: m64  *multilib_extra:   *multilib_matches: m64 m64;m32 m32;  *multilib_exclusions:   *multilib_options: m64/m32  *multilib_reuse:   *linker: collect2  *linker_plugin_file:   *lto_wrapper:   *lto_gcc:   *link_libgcc: %D  *md_exec_prefix:   *md_startfile_prefix:   *md_startfile_prefix_1:   *startfile_prefix_spec:   *sysroot_spec: --sysroot=%R  *sysroot_suffix_spec:   *sysroot_hdrs_suffix_spec:   *self_spec:   *cc1_cpu: %{march=native:%>march=native %:local_cpu_detect(arch)   %{!mtune=*:%>mtune=native %:local_cpu_detect(tune)}} %{mtune=native:%>mtune=native %:local_cpu_detect(tune)}  *link_command: %{!fsyntax-only:%{!c:%{!M:%{!MM:%{!E:%{!S:    %(linker) %{!fno-use-linker-plugin:%{flto|flto=*|fuse-linker-plugin:     -plugin %(linker_plugin_file)     -plugin-opt=%(lto_wrapper)     -plugin-opt=-fresolution=%u.res     %{!nostdlib:%{!nodefaultlibs:%:pass-through-libs(%(link_gcc_c_sequence))}}     }}%{flto|flto=*:%<fcompare-debug*}     %{flto} %{flto=*} %l %{pie:-pie} %{fuse-ld=*:-fuse-ld=%*}    %X %{o*} %{e*} %{N} %{n} %{r}    %{s} %{t} %{u*} %{z} %{Z} %{!nostdlib:%{!nostartfiles:%S}}    %{static:} %{L*} %(mfwrap) %(link_libgcc) %{!nostdlib:%{!nodefaultlibs:%{fsanitize=address:%{!shared:libasan_preinit%O%s} %{static-libasan:%{!shared:-Bstatic --whole-archive -lasan --no-whole-archive -Bdynamic}}%{!static-libasan:-lasan}}     %{fsanitize=thread:%{static-libtsan:%{!shared:-Bstatic --whole-archive -ltsan --no-whole-archive -Bdynamic}}%{!static-libtsan:-ltsan}}}} %o    %{fopenmp|ftree-parallelize-loops=*:%:include(libgomp.spec)%(link_gomp)}    %{fgnu-tm:%:include(libitm.spec)%(link_itm)}    %(mflib)  %{fsplit-stack: --wrap=pthread_create}    %{fprofile-arcs|fprofile-generate*|coverage:-lgcov} %{!nostdlib:%{!nodefaultlibs:%{fsanitize=address: %{static-libasan:-ldl -lpthread}    %{static:%ecannot specify -static with -fsanitize=address}    %{fsanitize=thread:%e-fsanitize=address is incompatible with -fsanitize=thread}}    %{fsanitize=thread: %{static-libtsan:-ldl -lpthread}    %{!pie:%{!shared:%e-fsanitize=thread linking must be done with -pie or -shared}}}}}     %{!nostdlib:%{!nodefaultlibs:%(link_ssp) %(link_gcc_c_sequence)}}    %{!nostdlib:%{!nostartfiles:%E}} %{T*} }}}}}}

信息比较多，定位到关键字 *cc1_options:, 在 %{w} 和 %{std*&ansi&trigraphs} 之间添加 -std=c99：

> cat /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/specs.c99 | grep c99 %{pg:%{fomit-frame-pointer:%e-pg and -fomit-frame-pointer are incompatible}} %{!iplugindir*:%{fplugin*:%:find-plugindir()}} %1 %{!Q:-quiet} %{!dumpbase:-dumpbase %B} %{d*} %{m*} %{aux-info*} %{fcompare-debug-second:%:compare-debug-auxbase-opt(%b)}  %{!fcompare-debug-second:%{c|S:%{o*:-auxbase-strip %*}%{!o*:-auxbase %b}}}%{!c:%{!S:-auxbase %b}}  %{g*} %{O*} %{W*&pedantic*} %{w} -std=c99 %{std*&ansi&trigraphs} %{v:-version} %{pg:-p} %{p} %{f*} %{undef} %{Qn:-fno-ident} %{Qy:} %{-help:--help} %{-target-help:--target-help} %{-version:--version} %{-help=*:--help=%*} %{!fsyntax-only:%{S:%W{o*}%{!o*:-o %b.s}}} %{fsyntax-only:-o %j} %{-param*} %{fmudflap|fmudflapth:-fno-builtin -fno-merge-constants} %{coverage:-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage}

再次运行 gcc，确认已加载修改后的 spec 文件：

> gcc -v Reading specs from /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/specs COLLECT_GCC=gcc COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/lto-wrapper Target: x86_64-redhat-linux Configured with: ../configure --prefix=/usr --mandir=/usr/share/man --infodir=/usr/share/info --with-bugurl=http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla --enable-bootstrap --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --enable-checking=release --with-system-zlib --enable-__cxa_atexit --disable-libunwind-exceptions --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-linker-build-id --with-linker-hash-style=gnu --enable-languages=c,c++,objc,obj-c++,java,fortran,ada,go,lto --enable-plugin --enable-initfini-array --disable-libgcj --with-isl=/builddir/build/BUILD/gcc-4.8.5-20150702/obj-x86_64-redhat-linux/isl-install --with-cloog=/builddir/build/BUILD/gcc-4.8.5-20150702/obj-x86_64-redhat-linux/cloog-install --enable-gnu-indirect-function --with-tune=generic --with-arch_32=x86-64 --build=x86_64-redhat-linux Thread model: posix gcc version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC)

第一行的输出符合预期，整个过程可参考附录 4。

如果不进行这个设置，后面在编译 lsp-server 中的 lsp-kind.nvim & nvim-lspconfig 模块时会失败：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

glibc

系统提供的 2.17 不行，clangd 需要至少 2.18，否则 neovim 中跳转相关的键 (gd/gD) 会失效，而 yum 上没有大于 2.17 版本的软件可用，需要手动更新下：

# 通过网盘链接下载 rpm 包 # 链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1QAyqa04iZ45q1-HqeYH80Q?pwd=1234 提取码: 1234  > ls -lh *.rpm -rw-r--r-- 1 yunhai01 DOORGOD 3.6M May 17 16:28 glibc-2.18-11.fc20.x86_64.rpm -rw-r--r-- 1 yunhai01 DOORGOD  12M May 17 16:28 glibc-common-2.18-11.fc20.x86_64.rpm -rw-r--r-- 1 yunhai01 DOORGOD 1.1M May 17 16:28 glibc-devel-2.18-11.fc20.x86_64.rpm -rw-r--r-- 1 yunhai01 DOORGOD 648K May 17 16:28 glibc-headers-2.18-11.fc20.x86_64.rpm > sudo rpm -Uvh --nodeps --force glibc-*.rpm > ldd --version ldd (GNU libc) 2.18 Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Written by Roland McGrath and Ulrich Drepper.

具体升级过程可参考附录 2。

make

系统提供的 3.82 GNU Make 基本够用。

openssl

系统提供的 1.0.2k 基本够用。

git

系统提供的 1.8 版本不行，需要升级到 2.38，否则不能识别 rebase=false 参数，导致插件更新时拉取代码库失败：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

当时直接使用 yum install git 升级的版本还是比较低，所以我是手动安装的，但也取了个巧，直接安装了个 rpm 来更新 CentOS7 的软件源：

> sudo yum install https://packages.endpointdev.com/rhel/7/os/x86_64/endpoint-repo.x86_64.rpm > sudo yum install git > git --version git version 2.38.1

从而找到更新版本的 git，省了不少事。后来这个源还更新了，现在安装的话是 2.43 版本。

另外最好更新 /etc/hosts 文件以便加快对 github.com 的访问速度：

> cat /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4 ::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6 140.82.114.3 github.com 140.82.114.10 nodeload.github.com 140.82.114.6 api.github.com 140.82.114.10 codeload.github.com

这里的 ip 都是通过反查相关域名得到的，可能会有所不同，详情参考附录 3。

wget

系统提供的 1.14 版本不行，在拉取部分 lsp-server 时会出错 (cpp/lua)，需要升级到 1.21.3：

> curl -o wget-latest.tar.gz http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/gnu/wget/wget-latest.tar.gz > tar xvf wget-latest.tar.gz > cd wget-1.21.3 > ./configure --with-ssl=openssl > make -j8 > sudo make install > wget --version GNU Wget 1.21.3 built on linux-gnu.  -cares +digest -gpgme +https +ipv6 -iri +large-file -metalink +nls +ntlm +opie -psl +ssl/openssl  Wgetrc:     /usr/local/etc/wgetrc (system) Locale:     /usr/local/share/locale Compile:     gcc -std=gnu11 -DHAVE_CONFIG_H     -DSYSTEM_WGETRC="/usr/local/etc/wgetrc"     -DLOCALEDIR="/usr/local/share/locale" -I. -I../lib -I../lib     -DHAVE_LIBSSL -DNDEBUG -g -O2 Link:     gcc -std=gnu11 -DHAVE_LIBSSL -DNDEBUG -g -O2 -lpcre -lssl -lcrypto     -lz ../lib/libgnu.a  Copyright (C) 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.  Originally written by Hrvoje Niksic <hniksic@xemacs.org>. Please send bug reports and questions to <bug-wget@gnu.org>.

目前的 wget-lastest 指向的最新版本是 1.24.5。

python3

系统提供的 3.6.8 版本勉强够用，clang-format 编译安装要求 python 至少为 3.8 版本，可以选择安装 Python 3.8.1：

> sudo yum install libffi-devel > wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.1/Python-3.8.1.tgz > tar -xvf Python-3.8.1.tgz > cd Python-3.8.1 > ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python3 > make -j8 > sudo make altinstall > sudo ln -sf /usr/local/python3/bin/python3.8 /usr/bin/python3 > sudo ln -sf /usr/local/python3/bin/pip3.8 /usr/bin/pip3

不过可以通过直接下载 clang-format 来忽略这步，所以这里的 python3 没有升级，具体操作步骤在安装 clang-format 时介绍。

cargo

rust 的包管理器，系统未提供，需要单独安装：

> sudo yum install cargo > cargo --version cargo 1.65.0

用于后续安装 fd，它是一款 find 的替代者，可以实现更高效的文件查找，目前 yum 上最新的版本是 1.72.1。

go

go 语言编译器，系统未提供，需要单独安装：

> sudo yum install go > go version go version go1.17.12 linux/amd64

用来后续编译安装 efm-langserver，它是一款代码审查工具。目前 yum 源最新 go 版本是 1.20.12。为避免后续安装过程中出现网络访问错误的问题，可提前设置以下代理：

> go env -w GO111MODULE=on > go env -w GOPROXY=https://goproxy.io,direct > go env -w GOPRIVATE=*.corp.example.com

sqlite3

本地数据库，系统未提供，需要单独安装：

> sudo yum install sqlite sqlite-devel > sqlite3 --version 3.7.17 2013-05-20 00:56:22 118a3b35693b134d56ebd780123b7fd6f1497668

用于后续安装 scheme ，它是一款语法高亮插件，使用 sqlite3 存储信息。

升级后

gcc：4.8.5
glibc：2.18
make：GNU make 3.82
openssl：1.0.2k
git：2.43
wget：1.24.5
python: 3.6.8
cargo：1.72.1
go：1.20.12
sqlite3：3.7.17

依赖软件安装

rg

全名 ripgrep，是 grep 替代者，功能更强大，不能直接使用 yum 安装，通过添加 yum 源的方式来曲线安装：

> sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo=https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/carlwgeorge/ripgrep/repo/epel-7/carlwgeorge-ripgrep-epel-7.repo > sudo yum install ripgrep > rg --version ripgrep 13.0.0 -SIMD -AVX (compiled) +SIMD +AVX (runtime)

源是固定的，版本目前仍保持 13.0.0。

fd

全名 fd-find，用来替代 find，功能更强大，有之前安装 cargo 的基础，直接安装：

> cargo install fd-find > sudo cp ~/.cargo/bin/fd /usr/local/bin/ > fd --version  fd 8.5.3

基于最新的 cargo 1.72.1 安装会报错：

> cargo install fd-find     Updating crates.io index   Downloaded fd-find v10.1.0 ... warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [7] Couldn't connect to server (Failed to connect to 2a04:4e42:8c::649: Network is unreachable)   Downloaded jemalloc-sys v0.5.4+5.3.0-patched   Downloaded 64 crates (8.2 MB) in 3m 10s (largest was `linux-raw-sys` at 1.8 MB) error: failed to compile `fd-find v10.1.0`, intermediate artifacts can be found at `/tmp/cargo-installBfI2hZ`. To reuse those artifacts with a future compilation, set the environment variable `CARGO_TARGET_DIR` to that path.  Caused by:   package `clap_complete v4.5.2` cannot be built because it requires rustc 1.74 or newer, while the currently active rustc version is 1.72.1   Try re-running cargo install with `--locked`

看起来需要升级 rustc (1.74 > 1.72.1)，不过看到要安装的 fd-find 版本为 10.1.0，好像受到了启发，直接指定 fd-find 的版本为 8.5.3 重试：

> cargo install fd-find --version 8.5.3   Downloaded fd-find v8.5.3   Downloaded 1 crate (114.1 KB) in 9.31s     Updating crates.io index   Installing fd-find v8.5.3     Updating crates.io index ...   Downloaded 22 crates (2.2 MB) in 1m 07s (largest was `linux-raw-sys` at 1013.8 KB) error: failed to compile `fd-find v8.5.3`, intermediate artifacts can be found at `/tmp/cargo-installmg1If6`. To reuse those artifacts with a future compilation, set the environment variable `CARGO_TARGET_DIR` to that path.  Caused by:   package `clap_complete v4.5.2` cannot be built because it requires rustc 1.74 or newer, while the currently active rustc version is 1.72.1   Try re-running cargo install with `--locked`

仍然失败，叔可忍婶不可忍，直接按提示加 --locked 选项：

查看代码

 > cargo install fd-find --version 8.5.3 --locked     Updating crates.io index   Installing fd-find v8.5.3     Updating crates.io index warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [7] Couldn't connect to server (Failed to connect to 2600:9000:20e4:fe00:1f:a9f5:69c0:93a1: Network is unreachable) warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation timed out after 30000 milliseconds with 0 out of 0 bytes received) warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation too slow. Less than 10 bytes/sec transferred the last 30 seconds) warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation too slow. Less than 10 bytes/sec transferred the last 30 seconds) warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation too slow. Less than 10 bytes/sec transferred the last 30 seconds) warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation too slow. Less than 10 bytes/sec transferred the last 30 seconds) warning: package `crossbeam-channel v0.5.6` in Cargo.lock is yanked in registry `crates-io`, consider running without --locked     Updating crates.io index warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation timed out after 30000 milliseconds with 0 out of 0 bytes received)   Downloaded ctrlc v3.2.3   Downloaded termcolor v1.1.3   Downloaded crossbeam-utils v0.8.12   Downloaded time v0.1.44   Downloaded clap_complete v4.0.5   Downloaded clap_derive v4.0.21   Downloaded num-traits v0.2.15   Downloaded thread_local v1.1.4   Downloaded proc-macro2 v1.0.47   Downloaded memchr v2.5.0   Downloaded jemallocator v0.5.0   Downloaded iana-time-zone v0.1.51   Downloaded os_str_bytes v6.3.0   Downloaded unicode-ident v1.0.5   Downloaded globset v0.4.9   Downloaded heck v0.4.0   Downloaded clap v4.0.22   Downloaded num-integer v0.1.45   Downloaded proc-macro-error v1.0.4   Downloaded quote v1.0.21   Downloaded fs_extra v1.2.0   Downloaded anyhow v1.0.66   Downloaded fnv v1.0.7   Downloaded nix v0.24.2   Downloaded terminal_size v0.2.1   Downloaded clap_lex v0.3.0   Downloaded ignore v0.4.18   Downloaded proc-macro-error-attr v1.0.4   Downloaded io-lifetimes v0.7.4   Downloaded log v0.4.17   Downloaded regex v1.6.0   Downloaded cc v1.0.73   Downloaded once_cell v1.15.0   Downloaded num_cpus v1.13.1   Downloaded syn v1.0.103   Downloaded rustix v0.35.12   Downloaded nix v0.25.0   Downloaded autocfg v1.1.0   Downloaded crossbeam-channel v0.5.6   Downloaded regex-syntax v0.6.27   Downloaded bstr v0.2.17   Downloaded chrono v0.4.22   Downloaded linux-raw-sys v0.0.46 warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [7] Couldn't connect to server (Failed to connect to 2a04:4e42:8c::649: Network is unreachable)   Downloaded walkdir v2.3.2   Downloaded jemalloc-sys v0.5.2+5.3.0-patched   Downloaded aho-corasick v0.7.19 warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (download of `libc v0.2.136` failed to transfer more than 10 bytes in 30s)   Downloaded libc v0.2.136   Downloaded 47 crates (5.7 MB) in 3m 17s    Compiling libc v0.2.136    Compiling cfg-if v1.0.0    Compiling version_check v0.9.4    Compiling proc-macro2 v1.0.47    Compiling unicode-ident v1.0.5    Compiling bitflags v1.3.2    Compiling quote v1.0.21    Compiling autocfg v1.1.0    Compiling memchr v2.5.0    Compiling proc-macro-error-attr v1.0.4    Compiling io-lifetimes v0.7.4    Compiling syn v1.0.103    Compiling proc-macro-error v1.0.4    Compiling log v0.4.17    Compiling rustix v0.35.12    Compiling num-traits v0.2.15    Compiling crossbeam-utils v0.8.12    Compiling cc v1.0.73    Compiling fs_extra v1.2.0    Compiling once_cell v1.15.0    Compiling linux-raw-sys v0.0.46    Compiling jemalloc-sys v0.5.2+5.3.0-patched    Compiling aho-corasick v0.7.19    Compiling num-integer v0.1.45    Compiling os_str_bytes v6.3.0    Compiling regex-syntax v0.6.27    Compiling heck v0.4.0    Compiling clap_derive v4.0.21    Compiling regex v1.6.0    Compiling clap_lex v0.3.0    Compiling terminal_size v0.2.1    Compiling bstr v0.2.17    Compiling atty v0.2.14    Compiling lazy_static v1.4.0    Compiling strsim v0.10.0    Compiling same-file v1.0.6    Compiling fnv v1.0.7    Compiling termcolor v1.1.3    Compiling anyhow v1.0.66    Compiling clap v4.0.22    Compiling globset v0.4.9    Compiling walkdir v2.3.2    Compiling thread_local v1.1.4    Compiling nix v0.25.0    Compiling nix v0.24.2    Compiling dirs-sys-next v0.1.2    Compiling time v0.1.44    Compiling fd-find v8.5.3    Compiling ansi_term v0.12.1    Compiling iana-time-zone v0.1.51    Compiling chrono v0.4.22    Compiling lscolors v0.12.0    Compiling dirs-next v2.0.0    Compiling argmax v0.3.1    Compiling ctrlc v3.2.3    Compiling ignore v0.4.18    Compiling clap_complete v4.0.5    Compiling jemallocator v0.5.0    Compiling crossbeam-channel v0.5.6    Compiling users v0.11.0    Compiling num_cpus v1.13.1    Compiling humantime v2.1.0    Compiling normpath v0.3.2     Finished release [optimized] target(s) in 10m 44s warning: the following packages contain code that will be rejected by a future version of Rust: fs_extra v1.2.0 note: to see what the problems were, use the option `--future-incompat-report`, or run `cargo report future-incompatibilities --id 1`   Installing /home/users/yunhai01/.cargo/bin/fd    Installed package `fd-find v8.5.3` (executable `fd`) warning: be sure to add `/home/users/yunhai01/.cargo/bin` to your PATH to be able to run the installed binaries

这回成功了。尝试为之前安装失败的 10.1.0 版本增加 --locked 选项：

> cargo install fd-find --locked     Updating crates.io index   Installing fd-find v10.1.0     Updating crates.io index warning: package `libc v0.2.154` in Cargo.lock is yanked in registry `crates-io`, consider running without --locked     Updating crates.io index   Downloaded proc-macro2 v1.0.81   Downloaded anyhow v1.0.82   Downloaded serde v1.0.200   Downloaded errno v0.3.8   Downloaded cc v1.0.96   Downloaded syn v2.0.60   Downloaded libc v0.2.154   Downloaded linux-raw-sys v0.4.13   Downloaded 8 crates (2.8 MB) in 1m 27s (largest was `linux-raw-sys` at 1.5 MB) error: failed to compile `fd-find v10.1.0`, intermediate artifacts can be found at `/tmp/cargo-installVoh51U`. To reuse those artifacts with a future compilation, set the environment variable `CARGO_TARGET_DIR` to that path.  Caused by:   package `clap_builder v4.5.2` cannot be built because it requires rustc 1.74 or newer, while the currently active rustc version is 1.72.1

仍然不行，看来回退 8.5.3 是唯一的解决办法。之前还探索过将 cargo 版本降为 1.65.0：

> sudo yum remove cargo > sudo yum install cargo-1.65.0-1.el7.x86_64 Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks, versionlock Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Excluding 1 update due to versionlock (use "yum versionlock status" to show it) No package cargo-1.65.0-1.el7.x86_64 available. Error: Nothing to do

未能成功。在网上也没搜到 1.65.0 的 cargo rpm 包，只能作罢。不清楚为何 1.72.1 的 cargo 要求 1.74 的 rustc，严重怀疑这是一个 bug。

书归正题，在安装完 fd 8.5.3 后需要按提示将 fd 移到 /usr/loca/bin：

> sudo cp /home/users/yunhai01/.cargo/bin/fd /usr/local/bin/ > fd --version fd 8.5.3

否则 neovim 找不到。

tree-sitter

是一个解析器生成工具和增量解析库，在 nvim 中主要用作 latex 语言解析器、以及 rainbow-delimiters.nvim 和 nvim-treesitter.nvim 插件的底层支持。rainbow-delimiters 主要用于多种语言的语法高亮，特别是多括号的展示；nvim-treesitter 主要用于高效代码导航与编辑，是 IDE 不可或缺的底层组件。

可以使用 cargo 安装：

> cargo install tree-sitter-cli

会遇到和安装 fd 类似的问题：

查看代码

 > cargo install tree-sitter-cli     Updating crates.io index   Installing tree-sitter-cli v0.22.6     Updating crates.io index warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation timed out after 30001 milliseconds with 0 out of 0 bytes received) warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation timed out after 30000 milliseconds with 0 out of 0 bytes received) warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation too slow. Less than 10 bytes/sec transferred the last 30 seconds) warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation too slow. Less than 10 bytes/sec transferred the last 30 seconds) warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation timed out after 30001 milliseconds with 0 out of 0 bytes received) warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation too slow. Less than 10 bytes/sec transferred the last 30 seconds) warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (Operation too slow. Less than 10 bytes/sec transferred the last 30 seconds)   Downloaded httpdate v1.0.3   Downloaded equivalent v1.0.1   Downloaded tiny_http v0.12.0   Downloaded anstyle-query v1.1.0   Downloaded ascii v1.1.0   Downloaded dirs-sys v0.4.1   Downloaded serde_derive v1.0.203   Downloaded tempfile v3.10.1   Downloaded clap_builder v4.5.6   Downloaded webbrowser v1.0.1   Downloaded tree-sitter-config v0.22.6   Downloaded tree-sitter-tags v0.22.6   Downloaded proc-macro2 v1.0.85   Downloaded percent-encoding v2.3.1   Downloaded unicode-normalization v0.1.23   Downloaded semver v1.0.23   Downloaded libloading v0.8.3   Downloaded filetime v0.2.23   Downloaded idna v0.5.0   Downloaded ahash v0.8.11   Downloaded itoa v1.0.11   Downloaded form_urlencoded v1.2.1   Downloaded zerocopy v0.7.34   Downloaded wasmparser v0.206.0   Downloaded option-ext v0.2.0   Downloaded dirs v5.0.1   Downloaded serde_json v1.0.117   Downloaded chunked_transfer v1.5.0   Downloaded ryu v1.0.18   Downloaded tree-sitter v0.22.6 warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [35] SSL connect error (TCP connection reset by peer)   Downloaded thiserror-impl v1.0.61   Downloaded clap_lex v0.7.1   Downloaded serde v1.0.203   Downloaded unicode-bidi v0.3.15   Downloaded glob v0.3.1   Downloaded tree-sitter-loader v0.22.6   Downloaded indexmap v2.2.6   Downloaded fastrand v2.1.0   Downloaded url v2.5.0   Downloaded indoc v2.0.5   Downloaded tinyvec_macros v0.1.1   Downloaded rustc-hash v1.1.0   Downloaded clap v4.5.6   Downloaded html-escape v0.2.13   Downloaded clap_derive v4.5.5   Downloaded tree-sitter-highlight v0.22.6   Downloaded fs4 v0.8.3 warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (download of `difference v2.0.0` failed to transfer more than 10 bytes in 30s)   Downloaded difference v2.0.0 warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [7] Couldn't connect to server (Failed to connect to 2a04:4e42:1a::649: Network is unreachable)   Downloaded utf8-width v0.1.7 warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (download of `hashbrown v0.14.5` failed to transfer more than 10 bytes in 30s)   Downloaded hashbrown v0.14.5 warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (download of `smallbitvec v2.5.3` failed to transfer more than 10 bytes in 30s)   Downloaded smallbitvec v2.5.3 warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (download of `thiserror v1.0.61` failed to transfer more than 10 bytes in 30s)   Downloaded thiserror v1.0.61 warning: spurious network error (3 tries remaining): [28] Timeout was reached (download of `tinyvec v1.6.0` failed to transfer more than 10 bytes in 30s)   Downloaded tinyvec v1.6.0   Downloaded 53 crates (2.7 MB) in 4m 35s error: failed to compile `tree-sitter-cli v0.22.6`, intermediate artifacts can be found at `/tmp/cargo-installFBNfkt`. To reuse those artifacts with a future compilation, set the environment variable `CARGO_TARGET_DIR` to that path.  Caused by:   package `tree-sitter-highlight v0.22.6` cannot be built because it requires rustc 1.74.1 or newer, while the currently active rustc version is 1.72.1   Try re-running cargo install with `--locked`

增加 --locked 选项应该可以解决问题，使用 cargo 1.72.1 目前安装的版本为 0.22.6，这个版本运行依赖较高的 glibc，所以放弃。

通过官方提示的 npm 方式安装的结果也差不多：

> npm install tree-sitter-cli  added 1 package in 10m > ls -lh node_modules/tree-sitter-cli/ total 25M -rwxr-xr-x 1 yunhai01 DOORGOD  303 Jun  7 12:13 cli.js -rw-r--r-- 1 yunhai01 DOORGOD  14K Jun  7 12:13 dsl.d.ts -rwxr-xr-x 1 yunhai01 DOORGOD 3.4K Jun  7 12:13 install.js -rw-r--r-- 1 yunhai01 DOORGOD 1.1K Jun  7 12:13 LICENSE -rw-r--r-- 1 yunhai01 DOORGOD  534 Jun  7 12:13 package.json -rw-r--r-- 1 yunhai01 DOORGOD 1.7K Jun  7 12:13 README.md -rwxr-xr-x 1 yunhai01 DOORGOD  25M Jun  7 12:23 tree-sitter > node_modules/tree-sitter-cli/tree-sitter --version node_modules/tree-sitter-cli/tree-sitter: /lib64/libc.so.6: version `GLIBC_2.25' not found (required by node_modules/tree-sitter-cli/tree-sitter) node_modules/tree-sitter-cli/tree-sitter: /lib64/libc.so.6: version `GLIBC_2.29' not found (required by node_modules/tree-sitter-cli/tree-sitter) node_modules/tree-sitter-cli/tree-sitter: /lib64/libc.so.6: version `GLIBC_2.28' not found (required by node_modules/tree-sitter-cli/tree-sitter)

最早之前安装的 0.20.7 版本是 ok 的，想通过这种方式安装的朋友，可以指定版本试一下。注意这两种方式安装后的文件分别位于 ~/.cargo/bin 和 ./node_modules/tree-sitter-cli 下，需要手动复制到 /usr/local/bin 以便生效。

现在介绍第三种安装方式，不依赖 cargo、npm 等包管理器，直接定位到 tree-sitter 官方下载页面，选择 0.20.4 版本，对于我的 CentOS7 x64 版本，选择 tree-sitter-linux-x64.gz 下载即可：

> gunzip tree-sitter-linux-x64.gz  > chmod u+x tree-sitter-linux-x64 > sudo mv tree-sitter-linux-x64 /usr/local/bin > tree-sitter --version tree-sitter 0.20.4 (714bfd47a744ab44b904375c177a24c0614ef49c)

按上一面一步步执行就安装好了，亲测高于 0.20.4 的版本就有 glibc 兼容问题 (>2.18)。

efm-langserver

实现智能 IDE 的核心，基于 go 语言开发，使用 go 编译安装：

> go install github.com/mattn/efm-langserver@latest

安装后没有找到 efm-langserver，经查，go 1.20 之后，需要通过 GOPATH 环境变量来指定安装目录：

> export GOPATH=/ext/tools > go install github.com/mattn/efm-langserver@latest go: downloading github.com/mattn/efm-langserver v0.0.53 go: downloading github.com/sourcegraph/jsonrpc2 v0.2.0 go: downloading gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 go: downloading github.com/mattn/go-unicodeclass v0.0.2 go: downloading github.com/reviewdog/errorformat v0.0.0-20240311054359-739e471a49b3

同样需要复制到 /usr/local/bin 目录以便全局生效：

> sudo cp bin/efm-langserver /usr/local/bin > efm-langserver -v efm-langserver 0.0.53 (rev: HEAD/go1.20.12)

比之前安装的版本略高一些：

> efm-langserver -v efm-langserver 0.0.44 (rev: 36a4d81/go1.17.12)

Font

下载可支持符号的字体，例如：Nerd Font，在 macOS 上的安装非常简单，直接双击 ttf 文件安装：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

然后在 macOS 终端上指定该字体，这里我使用的是 iTerm2，其它终端大同小异：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

iTerm2 有以下 UI 路径：iTerm2 -> settings -> Profiles -> Default -> Text -> Font。下面是安装带符号字体前后的对比：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

状态栏很多不能显示的符号都正常了 (标签页的仍保持问号，可能是一个特殊符号 Nerd Font 不支持)。

neovim

IDE 的载体，不使用 yum 安装，原因是 yum 上目前只有 0.3 版本的 neovim，而支持现代化 IDE 核心的 packer 包管理器至少需要 0.7 版本。这里使用 curl 直接下载最新版本：

> curl -LO https://github.com/neovim/neovim/releases/latest/download/nvim.appimage

启动：

> chmod u+x nvim.appimage > ./nvim.appimage

报错：

/tmp/.mount_nvim.aw3KspQ/usr/bin/nvim: /lib64/libc.so.6: version `GLIBC_2.28' not found (required by /tmp/.mount_nvim.aw3KspQ/usr/bin/nvim) /tmp/.mount_nvim.aw3KspQ/usr/bin/nvim: /lib64/libm.so.6: version `GLIBC_2.29' not found (required by /tmp/.mount_nvim.aw3KspQ/usr/bin/nvim)

看起来需要升级 glibc 2.29，为了避免再次更新 glibc，这里直接选择可以成功安装的 neovim 0.9.2 版本：

> wget https://github.com/neovim/neovim/releases/download/v0.9.2/nvim.appimage

友情提示：可以在 web 端下载后传递给虚拟机，macOS 访问 github 要比虚拟机快许多。

下载成功后，运行 nvim.appimage 可以自动释放目标文件：

> chmod u+x nvim.appimage > ./nvim.appimage

如果运行后没有产生 squashfs-root 目录，说明系统缺乏 FUSE (用户空间文件系统)，需要手动释放一下：

> ./nvim.appimage --appimage-extract

设置到 /usr/local/bin 后就可以被全局引用了：

> sudo ln -s $PWD/squashfs-root/AppRun /usr/local/bin/nvim > nvim --version NVIM v0.9.2 Build type: Release LuaJIT 2.1.1692716794     system vimrc file: "$VIM/sysinit.vim"   fall-back for $VIM: "/__w/neovim/neovim/build/nvim.AppDir/usr/share/nvim"  Run :checkhealth for more info

nvimdots

IDE 的实现，按照 github 主页 README 的说明直接安装：

if command -v curl >/dev/null 2>&1; then     bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ayamir/nvimdots/HEAD/scripts/install.sh)" else     bash -c "$(wget -O- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ayamir/nvimdots/HEAD/scripts/install.sh)" fi

脚本会自动判断 neovim 版本并进行适配：

> bash -c "$(wget -O- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ayamir/nvimdots/HEAD/scripts/install.sh)" --2024-05-24 15:32:21--  https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ayamir/nvimdots/HEAD/scripts/install.sh Resolving raw.githubusercontent.com... 185.199.108.133, 185.199.109.133, 185.199.111.133, ... Connecting to raw.githubusercontent.com|185.199.108.133|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 7830 (7.6K) [text/plain] Saving to: ‘STDOUT’  -                                               100%[======================================================================================================>]   7.65K  6.79KB/s    in 1.1s  2024-05-24 15:32:25 (6.79 KB/s) - written to stdout [7830/7830]  ==> This script will install ayamir/nvimdots to: /home/users/yunhai01/.config/nvim  Press RETURN/ENTER to continue or any other key to abort... ==> Validating SSH connection... Do you prefer to use SSH to fetch and update plugins? (otherwise HTTPS) [Y/n]: ==> Checking 'git clone' preferences... Would you like to perform a shallow clone ('--depth=1')? [Y/n]: ==> Fetching in progress... Cloning into '/home/users/yunhai01/.config/nvim'... remote: Enumerating objects: 170, done. remote: Counting objects: 100% (170/170), done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (162/162), done. remote: Total 170 (delta 5), reused 73 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 Receiving objects: 100% (170/170), 108.87 KiB | 203.00 KiB/s, done. Resolving deltas: 100% (5/5), done. ==> Spawning Neovim and fetching plugins... (You'll be redirected shortly) ==> NOTE: Please make sure you have a Rust Toolchain installed via `rustup`! Otherwise, unexpected things may           happen. See: https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install.  ==> If lazy.nvim failed to fetch any plugin(s), maunally execute `:Lazy sync` until everything is up-to-date.  Thank you for using this set of configuration! - Project Homepage:     https://github.com/ayamir/nvimdots - Further documentation (including executables you must install for full functionality):     https://github.com/ayamir/nvimdots/wiki/Prerequisites  Press RETURN/ENTER to continue or any other key to abort...

执行过程中会让用户进行若干选项，都按默认处理就可以了。到这里所有必需软件就都安装完成了，按任意键将进入插件的安装，具体内容在下一节介绍。

安装后的目录位于：~/.config/nvim/。注意这里不要选择 neovim 0.8.1 (说的就是我)，否则后面启动插件管理器时会报错：

Error executing Lua callback: ...l/share/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/float.lua:159: Vim(append):Error executing lua callback: ...zy/rainbow-delimiters.nvim/plugin/rainbow-delimiter s.lua:50: attempt to call field 'get_lang' (a nil value) stack traceback:         ...zy/rainbow-delimiters.nvim/plugin/rainbow-delimiters.lua:50: in function 'attach'         ...zy/rainbow-delimiters.nvim/plugin/rainbow-delimiters.lua:151: in function <...zy/rainbow-delimiters.nvim/plugin/rainbow-delimiters.lua:151>         [C]: in function '__newindex'         ...l/share/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/float.lua:159: in function 'mount'         ...l/share/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/float.lua:75: in function 'init'         ...al/share/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/init.lua:53: in function 'create'         ...al/share/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/init.lua:38: in function 'show'         ...hare/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/commands.lua:38: in function 'command'         ...hare/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/commands.lua:24: in function 'cmd'         ...hare/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/commands.lua:111: in function <...hare/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/commands.lua:98> stack traceback:         [C]: in function '__newindex'         ...l/share/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/float.lua:159: in function 'mount'         ...l/share/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/float.lua:75: in function 'init'         ...al/share/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/init.lua:53: in function 'create'         ...al/share/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/init.lua:38: in function 'show'         ...hare/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/commands.lua:38: in function 'command'         ...hare/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/commands.lua:24: in function 'cmd'         ...hare/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/commands.lua:111: in function <...hare/nvim/site/lazy/lazy.nvim/lua/lazy/view/commands.lua:98>

基本无解。

开发环境搭建

框架好比是毛坯房，想要入住还得“精装修”一下，主要是安装各种插件，以及本地化配置。

插件安装

同许多 IDE 一样，vim 很多功能是通过插件实现的，插件本身需要管理，这就催生了形形色色的插件管理器，知名的有 vim-plug、Vundle；vim 进化到 neovim 之后，有两个主要的插件管理器，一个是 packer，另一个是 lazy，两个都很好用，之前 nvimdots 使用的 packer，后来更新到了 lazy，可以有效的提升 neovim 的启动速度。

lazy

书接上节，在 nvimdots 安装结束后，按任意键将启动 nvim、自动拉起插件更新：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

这个界面静静等待即可，最终都能安装成功：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

在 lazy 插件管理页面，输入标签后面的字符可实现跳转，例如 U 跳转到更新插件页面。

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

也可以直接在命令行输入 :Lazy sync 来切换到 Sync 标签：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

其它也类似，不再赘述。当所有插件安装结束后，q 退出界面。与原先的 packer 界面相比：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

简直像从远古社会跨进到了现代社会。退出 lazy、退出 nvim，插件安装路径位于：~/.local/share/nvim 目录下。再次进入 nvim，将看到欢迎界面：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

基本功能已经可用，有几个未安装的插件将继续安装。

mason

mason 也是一个插件管理器，聚焦于 lsp 服务、dap 服务、linter 和 formatter 方向，通过它可以让 nvim 轻松支持多种编程语言的智能化展示。通过 :Mason 启动：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

可以观察到系统可用的语言插件、安装成功的、安装失败的，这里主要需要处理 2 个插件的安装。

clangd

从上面的日志可以看出，安装失败的原因主要是从网络获取 clangd 包失败，这里改为手动下载：

> wget https://github.com/clangd/clangd/releases/download/18.1.3/clangd-linux-18.1.3.zip > mv clangd-linux-18.1.3.zip ~/.local/share/nvim/mason/packages > cd ~/.local/share/nvim/mason/packages > unzip clangd-linux-18.1.3.zip > cd ../bin > ln -s $PWD/../packages/clangd_18.1.3/bin/clangd clangd > ./clangd --version clangd version 18.1.3 (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project c13b7485b87909fcf739f62cfa382b55407433c0) Features: linux+grpc Platform: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu

解压并替换到目标目录、设置命令软链接后，重启 nvim 查看：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

安装成功，如果 nvim 仍显示安装 clangd，就多重启几次，甚至重启下机器。

clang-format

查看 clang-format 错误日志：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

没看出来安装失败的直接原因，这里改为手动下载：

> wget -c https://github.com/muttleyxd/clang-tools-static-binaries/releases/download/master-1d7ec53d/clang-format-10_linux-amd64 > chmod u+x clang-format-10_linux-arm64 > mkdir -p ~/.local/share/nvim/mason/packages/clang-format/bin > mv clang-format-10_linux-amd64 ~/.local/share/nvim/mason/packages/clang-format/bin > cd ~/.local/share/nvim/mason/bin > ln -s $PWD/../packages/clang-format/bin/clang-format-10_linux-amd64 clang-format > ./clang-format --version clang-format version 10.0.1

替换到目标目录、设置命令软链接后，重启 nvim 查看：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

安装成功。如果想让 Mason 安装 clang-format，除了之前介绍的升级 python3 步骤外，还需要以下操作：

> sudo pip3 install wheel # 进入 nvim MasonInstall clang-format

最后还有两个插件 python-lsp-server & gopls 没安装成功，分别是 python 与 go 语言 lspserver，由于本文着重介绍 C/C++ 环境的搭建，这个偏离主题就不再赘述了，有需求的小伙伴可以在 nvimdots 中提问寻求帮助。

如果不想看到每次在启动时它们的报错信息，可以选择不加载它们，具体操作步骤详见配置一节。

配置

各种功能插件安装完成后，还需要修改化配置一番，为了方便调用 neovim，在 bash 启动脚本中增加以下内容：

alias vi=nvim alias vim=nvim

这样就可以使用 vi 或 vim 代替 nvim 了，相当于替换了默认的 vim 编辑器，如果想调用原始的 vim 编辑器，需要输入完整路径：

> /usr/bin/vi

在进行配置之前，首先对 nvim 进行一次自我体验，这主要是通过 :checkhealth 命令来完成，下面是完整的 checkhealth 输出：

查看代码

  ============================================================================== hop: require("hop.health").check()  Ensuring keys are unique ~ - OK Keys are unique  Checking for deprecated features ~ - OK All good  ============================================================================== lazy: require("lazy.health").check()  lazy.nvim ~ - OK Git installed - OK no existing packages found by other package managers - OK packer_compiled.lua not found  ============================================================================== lspsaga: require("lspsaga.health").check()  Lspsaga.nvim report ~ - OK `tree-sitter` found - OK tree-sitter `markdown` parser found - OK tree-sitter `markdown_inline` parser found  ============================================================================== luasnip: require("luasnip.health").check()  luasnip ~ - WARNING             For Variable/Placeholder-transformations, luasnip requires   the jsregexp library. See `:help |luasnip-lsp-snippets-transformations`| for advice   ============================================================================== mason: require("mason.health").check()  mason.nvim ~ - OK mason.nvim version v1.10.0 - OK PATH: prepend - OK Providers:   mason.providers.registry-api   mason.providers.client - OK neovim version >= 0.7.0  mason.nvim [Registries] ~ - OK Registry `github.com/mason-org/mason-registry version: 2024-06-07-fast-test` is installed.  mason.nvim [Core utils] ~ - OK unzip: `UnZip 6.00 of 20 April 2009, by Info-ZIP.  Maintained by C. Spieler.  Send` - OK wget: `GNU Wget 1.24.5 built on linux-gnu.` - OK curl: `curl 7.87.0 (x86_64-pc-linux-muslx32) libcurl/7.87.0 OpenSSL/1.1.1s zlib/1.2.12 libssh2/1.9.0 nghttp2/1.43.0` - OK gzip: `gzip 1.5` - OK gtar: `tar (GNU tar) 1.26` - OK bash: `GNU bash, version 4.2.46(2)-release (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)` - OK sh: `Ok`  mason.nvim [Languages] ~ - WARNING luarocks: not available   - ADVICE:     - spawn: luarocks failed with exit code - and signal -. luarocks is not executable - WARNING Ruby: not available   - ADVICE:     - spawn: ruby failed with exit code - and signal -. ruby is not executable - WARNING RubyGem: not available   - ADVICE:     - spawn: gem failed with exit code - and signal -. gem is not executable - WARNING Composer: not available   - ADVICE:     - spawn: composer failed with exit code - and signal -. composer is not executable - WARNING PHP: not available   - ADVICE:     - spawn: php failed with exit code - and signal -. php is not executable - OK node: `v16.18.1` - OK cargo: `cargo 1.72.1` - WARNING julia: not available   - ADVICE:     - spawn: julia failed with exit code - and signal -. julia is not executable - OK Go: `go version go1.20.12 linux/amd64` - OK python: `Python 3.6.8` - OK java: `openjdk version "1.8.0_322"` - OK pip: `pip 9.0.3 from /usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages (python 3.6)` - OK python venv: `Ok` - OK javac: `Ok` - OK npm: `8.19.2`  mason.nvim [GitHub] ~ - OK GitHub API rate limit. Used: 1. Remaining: 59. Limit: 60. Reset: Fri 07 Jun 2024 04:40:44 PM CST.   Install and authenticate via gh-cli to increase rate limit.  ============================================================================== neoconf: require("neoconf.health").check()  neoconf.nvim ~ - OK **treesitter-nvim** is installed - OK **TreeSitter jsonc** parser is installed - WARNING **neodev.nvim** is not installed. You won't get any proper completion for your Neovim config. - OK **lspconfig** is installed - OK **lspconfig jsonls** is installed - OK **lspconfig lua_ls** is installed  ============================================================================== null-ls: require("null-ls.health").check()  - OK clang_format: the command "clang-format" is executable. - OK prettier: the command "prettier" is executable. - OK gofumpt: the command "gofumpt" is executable. - OK shfmt: the command "shfmt" is executable. - OK stylua: the command "stylua" is executable. - OK vint: the command "vint" is executable. - OK goimports: the command "goimports" is executable.  ============================================================================== nvim: require("nvim.health").check()  Configuration ~ - OK no issues found  Runtime ~ - OK $VIMRUNTIME: /ext/tools/squashfs-root/usr/share/nvim/runtime  Performance ~ - OK Build type: Release  Remote Plugins ~ - WARNING "wilder.nvim" is not registered. - WARNING Out of date   - ADVICE:     - Run `:UpdateRemotePlugins`  terminal ~ - key_backspace (kbs) terminfo entry: `key_backspace=177` - key_dc (kdch1) terminfo entry: `key_dc=E[3~` - $SSH_TTY="/dev/pts/0"  ============================================================================== nvim-treesitter: require("nvim-treesitter.health").check()  Installation ~ - OK `tree-sitter` found 0.20.4 (714bfd47a744ab44b904375c177a24c0614ef49c) (parser generator, only needed for :TSInstallFromGrammar) - OK `node` found v16.18.1 (only needed for :TSInstallFromGrammar) - OK `git` executable found. - OK `cc` executable found. Selected from { vim.NIL, "cc", "gcc", "clang", "cl", "zig" }   Version: cc (GCC) 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) - OK Neovim was compiled with tree-sitter runtime ABI version 14 (required >=13). Parsers must be compatible with runtime ABI.  OS Info: {   machine = "x86_64",   release = "3.10.0-1160.21.1.el7.x86_64",   sysname = "Linux",   version = "#1 SMP Tue Mar 16 18:28:22 UTC 2021" } ~  Parser/Features         H L F I J   - bash                ✓ ✓ ✓ . ✓   - c                   ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - cpp                 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - css                 ✓ . ✓ ✓ ✓   - go                  ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - gomod               ✓ . . . ✓   - html                ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - javascript          ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - json                ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ .   - jsonc               ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - latex               ✓ . ✓ . ✓   - lua                 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - make                ✓ . ✓ . ✓   - markdown            ✓ . ✓ ✓ ✓   - markdown_inline     ✓ . . . ✓   - python              ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - query               ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - rust                ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - typescript          ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - vim                 ✓ ✓ ✓ . ✓   - vimdoc              ✓ . . . ✓   - vue                 ✓ . ✓ ✓ ✓   - yaml                ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓    Legend: H[ighlight], L[ocals], F[olds], I[ndents], In[j]ections          +) multiple parsers found, only one will be used          x) errors found in the query, try to run :TSUpdate {lang} ~  ============================================================================== provider: health#provider#check  Clipboard (optional) ~ - WARNING No clipboard tool found. Clipboard registers (`"+` and `"*`) will not work.   - ADVICE:     - :help |clipboard|  Python 3 provider (optional) ~ - Using: g:python3_host_prog = "python3" - Executable: /usr/bin/python3 - ERROR Command error (job=16, exit code 1): `'/usr/bin/python3' -c 'import sys; sys.path = ; import neovim; print(neovim.__file__)'` (in '/home/users/yunhai01/project/baidu/netdisk/p2p-sdk-mobile')   stderr: Traceback (most recent call last):  File "<string>", line 1, in <module>ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'neovim' - Python version: 3.6.8 - pynvim version: unable to load neovim Python module - ERROR pynvim is not installed.   Error: unable to load neovim Python module   - ADVICE:     - Run in shell: /usr/bin/python3 -m pip install pynvim  Python virtualenv ~ - OK no $VIRTUAL_ENV  Ruby provider (optional) ~ - WARNING `ruby` and `gem` must be in $PATH.   - ADVICE:     - Install Ruby and verify that `ruby` and `gem` commands work.  Node.js provider (optional) ~ - Node.js: v16.18.1 - WARNING Missing "neovim" npm (or yarn, pnpm) package.   - ADVICE:     - Run in shell: npm install -g neovim     - Run in shell (if you use yarn): yarn global add neovim     - Run in shell (if you use pnpm): pnpm install -g neovim     - You may disable this provider (and warning) by adding `let g:loaded_node_provider = 0` to your init.vim  Perl provider (optional) ~ - WARNING Perl version is too old, 5.22+ required   - ADVICE:     - See :help |provider-perl| for more information.     - You may disable this provider (and warning) by adding `let g:loaded_perl_provider = 0` to your init.vim  ============================================================================== rainbow-delimiters: require("rainbow-delimiters.health").check()  Custom strategies ~ - OK Valid custom default strategy. - OK Valid custom strategy for 'vim'. - OK Valid custom strategy for 'lua'. - OK Valid custom strategy for 'cpp'. - OK Valid custom strategy for 'vimdoc'. - OK Valid custom strategy for 'c'.  Custom queries ~ - OK Valid custom default query - OK Valid custom query for 'javascript' - OK Valid custom query for 'latex'  Custom highlight groups ~ - OK Highlight group 'RainbowDelimiterRed' defined. - OK Highlight group 'RainbowDelimiterOrange' defined. - OK Highlight group 'RainbowDelimiterYellow' defined. - OK Highlight group 'RainbowDelimiterGreen' defined. - OK Highlight group 'RainbowDelimiterBlue' defined. - OK Highlight group 'RainbowDelimiterCyan' defined. - OK Highlight group 'RainbowDelimiterViolet' defined.  ============================================================================== telescope: require("telescope.health").check()  Checking for required plugins ~ - OK plenary installed. - OK nvim-treesitter installed.  Checking external dependencies ~ - OK rg: found ripgrep 13.0.0 - OK fd: found fd 8.5.3  ===== Installed extensions ===== ~  Telescope Extension: `aerial` ~ - No healthcheck provided  Telescope Extension: `frecency` ~ - OK nvim-web-devicons installed. - OK ripgrep installed.  Telescope Extension: `fzf` ~ - OK lib working as expected - OK file_sorter correctly configured - OK generic_sorter correctly configured  Telescope Extension: `live_grep_args` ~ - No healthcheck provided  Telescope Extension: `notify` ~ - No healthcheck provided  Telescope Extension: `persisted` ~ - No healthcheck provided  Telescope Extension: `projects` ~ - No healthcheck provided  Telescope Extension: `undo` ~ - No healthcheck provided  Telescope Extension: `zoxide` ~ - No healthcheck provided  ============================================================================== vim.lsp: require("vim.lsp.health").check()  - LSP log level : WARN - Log path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/state/nvim/lsp.log - Log size: 54 KB  vim.lsp: Active Clients ~ - clangd (id=1, root_dir=/home/users/yunhai01/project/baidu/netdisk/p2p-sdk-mobile) - null-ls (id=2, root_dir=/home/users/yunhai01/project/baidu/netdisk/p2p-sdk-mobile/project/src) - copilot (id=3, root_dir=/home/users/yunhai01/project/baidu/netdisk/p2p-sdk-mobile/project/src)  ============================================================================== vim.treesitter: require("vim.treesitter.health").check()  - Nvim runtime ABI version: 14 - OK Parser: bash       ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/bash.so - OK Parser: c          ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/c.so - OK Parser: cpp        ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/cpp.so - OK Parser: css        ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/css.so - OK Parser: go         ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/go.so - OK Parser: gomod      ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/gomod.so - OK Parser: html       ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/html.so - OK Parser: javascript ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/javascript.so - OK Parser: json       ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/json.so - OK Parser: jsonc      ABI: 13, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/jsonc.so - OK Parser: latex      ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/latex.so - OK Parser: lua        ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/lua.so - OK Parser: make       ABI: 13, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/make.so - OK Parser: markdown   ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/markdown.so - OK Parser: markdown_inline ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/markdown_inline.so - OK Parser: python     ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/python.so - OK Parser: rust       ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/rust.so - OK Parser: typescript ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/typescript.so - OK Parser: vimdoc     ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/vimdoc.so - OK Parser: vue        ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/vue.so - OK Parser: yaml       ABI: 14, path: /home/users/yunhai01/.local/share/nvim/site/lazy/nvim-treesitter/parser/yaml.so - OK Parser: c          ABI: 14, path: /ext/tools/squashfs-root/usr/lib/nvim/parser/c.so - OK Parser: lua        ABI: 14, path: /ext/tools/squashfs-root/usr/lib/nvim/parser/lua.so - OK Parser: query      ABI: 14, path: /ext/tools/squashfs-root/usr/lib/nvim/parser/query.so - OK Parser: vim        ABI: 14, path: /ext/tools/squashfs-root/usr/lib/nvim/parser/vim.so - OK Parser: vimdoc     ABI: 14, path: /ext/tools/squashfs-root/usr/lib/nvim/parser/vimdoc.so  ============================================================================== which-key: require("which-key.health").check()  - ERROR Failed to run healthcheck for "which-key" plugin. Exception:   function health#check, line 25   Vim(eval):E5108: Error executing lua ...are/nvim/site/lazy/which-key.nvim/lua/which-key/keys.lua:406: Invalid buffer id: 97   stack traceback:   [C]: in function 'nvim_buf_get_keymap'   ...are/nvim/site/lazy/which-key.nvim/lua/which-key/keys.lua:406: in function 'update_keymaps'   ...e/nvim/site/lazy/which-key.nvim/lua/which-key/health.lua:15: in function 'check'   [string "luaeval()"]:1: in main chunk

如果有插件工作不正常、老报警告框，可以通过自检发现一些问题。

主题

启动后默认的黑色背景看着黑乎乎的不够亮快，通过快捷键 (SPACE + f + c) 调出主题切换页：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

这里选择 catppuccin-latte：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

好多了。不过重启后就又恢复默认了，需要修改以下 lua 配置 (~/.config/nvim/lua/core/settings.lua)：

... -- Set the colorscheme to use here. -- Available values are: `catppuccin`, `catppuccin-latte`, `catppucin-mocha`, `catppuccin-frappe`, `catppuccin-macchiato`. ---@type string settings["colorscheme"] = "catppuccin"  -- Set it to true if your terminal has transparent background. ---@type boolean settings["transparent_background"] = false  -- Set background color to use here. -- Useful if you would like to use a colorscheme that has a light and dark variant like `edge`. -- Valid values are: `dark`, `light`. ---@type "dark"|"light" settings["background"] = "dark" ...

本来是想改 colorscheme 选项的，后来发现有个 background = dark，尝试将这个改为 light 试试，重启后默认主题自动切换为 catppuccin-latte 了，下面是主题实时切换的效果：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

2 核 CPU 切换有点费劲，毕竟是老旧机器，将就看吧~

状态栏

上一节中切换主题时，好多 scheme 套件的状态栏展示有问题，黑乎乎的一块显示不清楚，这是由于状态栏使用的插件 lualine 有自己的主题，需要单独设置，由于 lualine 属于插件，它们的配置文件位置稍有不同 (~/.config/nvim/lua/modules/configs/ui/lualine.lua)：

... 	local function custom_theme() 		vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd("ColorScheme", { 			group = vim.api.nvim_create_augroup("LualineColorScheme", { clear = true }), 			pattern = "*", 			callback = function() 				has_catppuccin = vim.g.colors_name:find("catppuccin") ~= nil 				require("lualine").setup({ options = { theme = custom_theme() } }) 			end, 		}) ...

主要修改 require("lualine").setup 一行中 theme = 的值即可，可供选择的值参考这篇。从代码上看，对于 catppuccin-* 主题，会做状态栏的同步，所以相对要好一些，可以无脑选择。

目前 nvimdots 对老旧系统的支持已经不错了，早先我设置 blue 主题时，状态栏是这个样子：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

根本没法看，通过设置 lualine 主题为 onenight 解决了这个问题：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

目前已经不需要单独进行设置了。

快捷键

nvimdots 提供了很丰富的快捷键支持，一般都是三键组合，例如 <leader>+f+w 进入关键字搜索，其中 <leader> 是可定义的，目前默认为空格键。

通过 :verbose nmap 可以查看所有的键映射：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

想看单独的键可以在后面增加参数，例如输入 :verbose nmap gD ：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

常用的 gD、gd、gh、gf、gr、K 都有说明。自定义的键映射位于：~/.config/nvim/lua/core/mapping.lua

local bind = require("keymap.bind") local map_cr = bind.map_cr local map_cu = bind.map_cu local map_cmd = bind.map_cmd local map_callback = bind.map_callback  local core_map = { 	-- Suckless 	["n|<S-Tab>"] = map_cr("normal za"):with_noremap():with_silent():with_desc("edit: Toggle code fold"), 	["n|<C-s>"] = map_cu("write"):with_noremap():with_silent():with_desc("edit: Save file"), 	["n|Y"] = map_cmd("y$"):with_desc("edit: Yank text to EOL"), 	["n|D"] = map_cmd("d$"):with_desc("edit: Delete text to EOL"), 	["n|n"] = map_cmd("nzzzv"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: Next search result"), 	["n|N"] = map_cmd("Nzzzv"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: Prev search result"), 	["n|J"] = map_cmd("mzJ`z"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: Join next line"), 	["n|<Esc>"] = map_callback(function() 			_flash_esc_or_noh() 		end) 		:with_noremap() 		:with_silent() 		:with_desc("edit: Clear search highlight"), 	["n|<C-h>"] = map_cmd("<C-w>h"):with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus left"), 	["n|<C-l>"] = map_cmd("<C-w>l"):with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus right"), 	["n|<C-j>"] = map_cmd("<C-w>j"):with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus down"), 	["n|<C-k>"] = map_cmd("<C-w>k"):with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus up"), 	["t|<C-w>h"] = map_cmd("<Cmd>wincmd h<CR>"):with_silent():with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus left"), 	["t|<C-w>l"] = map_cmd("<Cmd>wincmd l<CR>"):with_silent():with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus right"), 	["t|<C-w>j"] = map_cmd("<Cmd>wincmd j<CR>"):with_silent():with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus down"), 	["t|<C-w>k"] = map_cmd("<Cmd>wincmd k<CR>"):with_silent():with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus up"), 	["n|<A-h>"] = map_cr("vertical resize -3"):with_silent():with_desc("window: Resize -3 vertically"), 	["n|<A-l>"] = map_cr("vertical resize +3"):with_silent():with_desc("window: Resize +3 vertically"), 	["n|<A-j>"] = map_cr("resize -3"):with_silent():with_desc("window: Resize -3 horizontally"), 	["n|<A-k>"] = map_cr("resize +3"):with_silent():with_desc("window: Resize +3 horizontally"), 	["n|<C-q>"] = map_cr("wq"):with_desc("edit: Save file and quit"), 	["n|<A-S-q>"] = map_cr("q!"):with_desc("edit: Force quit"), 	["n|<leader>o"] = map_cr("setlocal spell! spelllang=en_us"):with_desc("edit: Toggle spell check"), 	["n|tn"] = map_cr("tabnew"):with_noremap():with_silent():with_desc("tab: Create a new tab"), 	["n|tk"] = map_cr("tabnext"):with_noremap():with_silent():with_desc("tab: Move to next tab"), 	["n|tj"] = map_cr("tabprevious"):with_noremap():with_silent():with_desc("tab: Move to previous tab"), 	["n|to"] = map_cr("tabonly"):with_noremap():with_silent():with_desc("tab: Only keep current tab"), 	-- Insert mode 	["i|<C-u>"] = map_cmd("<C-G>u<C-U>"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: Delete previous block"), 	["i|<C-b>"] = map_cmd("<Left>"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: Move cursor to left"), 	["i|<C-a>"] = map_cmd("<ESC>^i"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: Move cursor to line start"), 	["i|<C-s>"] = map_cmd("<Esc>:w<CR>"):with_desc("edit: Save file"), 	["i|<C-q>"] = map_cmd("<Esc>:wq<CR>"):with_desc("edit: Save file and quit"), 	-- Command mode 	["c|<C-b>"] = map_cmd("<Left>"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: Left"), 	["c|<C-f>"] = map_cmd("<Right>"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: Right"), 	["c|<C-a>"] = map_cmd("<Home>"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: Home"), 	["c|<C-e>"] = map_cmd("<End>"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: End"), 	["c|<C-d>"] = map_cmd("<Del>"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: Delete"), 	["c|<C-h>"] = map_cmd("<BS>"):with_noremap():with_desc("edit: Backspace"), 	["c|<C-t>"] = map_cmd([[<C-R>=expand("%:p:h") . "/" <CR>]]) 		:with_noremap() 		:with_desc("edit: Complete path of current file"), 	-- Visual mode 	["v|J"] = map_cmd(":m '>+1<CR>gv=gv"):with_desc("edit: Move this line down"), 	["v|K"] = map_cmd(":m '<-2<CR>gv=gv"):with_desc("edit: Move this line up"), 	["v|<"] = map_cmd("<gv"):with_desc("edit: Decrease indent"), 	["v|>"] = map_cmd(">gv"):with_desc("edit: Increase indent"), }  bind.nvim_load_mapping(core_map)

这里有两个键是我之前用习惯的：Ctrl+j 向上移屏一行、Ctrl+k 向下移屏一行。vim 将这两个键映射到了 Ctrl+e 和 Ctrl+y，一直觉得用着不太顺手，可以手动添加：

:nmap <C-j> <C-e> :nmap <C-k> <C-y>

然而重启 nvim 后就不起作用了。可以在上面的配置文件中加入以下内容实现永久修改：

    -- Move Up/Down     ["n|<C-h>"] = map_cmd("<C-e>"),     ["n|<C-l>"] = map_cmd("<C-y>"),     ["n|<C-k>"] = map_cmd("<C-y>"):with_noremap(),     ["n|<C-j>"] = map_cmd("<C-e>"):with_noremap(),

注意由于 Ctrl+h/j/k/l 已被 nvimdots 挪为它用，为防止热键冲突，需要将之前的注释掉：

	-- ["n|<C-h>"] = map_cmd("<C-w>h"):with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus left"), 	-- ["n|<C-l>"] = map_cmd("<C-w>l"):with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus right"), 	-- ["n|<C-j>"] = map_cmd("<C-w>j"):with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus down"), 	-- ["n|<C-k>"] = map_cmd("<C-w>k"):with_noremap():with_desc("window: Focus up"),

看起来是用于窗口切换 (Ctrl+w+h/j/k/l) 了，感觉没啥必要。注意看 Ctrl+j 与 Ctrl+h、Ctrl+k 与 Ctrl+l 只相差了一个 :with_noremap()，这个能起什么作用？看下面这个演示就清楚了：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

加了了 :with_noremap() 的，会上下滑动多行，实现按更少的键的目的。

PS：目前在新版本的 nvimdots 上，新增的键还是不起作用，目前还没有精力研究，回头研究通了再更新一波~

编程语言支持

相比于主流的 IDE 只能支持若干编程语言，neovim+nvimdots 搭建的 IDE 更加强大，可以轻松支持几十种语言，是冷门语言开发者的福音。输入 :LspInfo 查看已安装的语言服务：

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

这是 nvimdots 的默认配置，可以通过修改配置文件来增加或删除语言服务 (~/.config/nvim/lua/core/settings.lua)：

... -- Set the language servers that will be installed during bootstrap here. -- check the below link for all the supported LSPs: -- https://github.com/neovim/nvim-lspconfig/tree/master/lua/lspconfig/server_configurations ---@type string[] settings["lsp_deps"] = { 	"bashls", 	"clangd", 	"html", 	"jsonls", 	"lua_ls", 	"pylsp", 	"gopls", }  -- Set the general-purpose servers that will be installed during bootstrap here. -- Check the below link for all supported sources. -- in `code_actions`, `completion`, `diagnostics`, `formatting`, `hover` folders: -- https://github.com/nvimtools/none-ls.nvim/tree/main/lua/null-ls/builtins ---@type string[] settings["null_ls_deps"] = { 	"clang_format", 	"gofumpt", 	"goimports", 	"prettier", 	"shfmt", 	"stylua", 	"vint", }  -- Set the Debug Adapter Protocol (DAP) clients that will be installed and configured during bootstrap here. -- Check the below link for all supported DAPs: -- https://github.com/jay-babu/mason-nvim-dap.nvim/blob/main/lua/mason-nvim-dap/mappings/source.lua ---@type string[] settings["dap_deps"] = { 	"codelldb", -- C-Family 	"delve", -- Go 	"python", -- Python (debugpy) } ...

主要就是修改 lsp_deps 数组了。例如对于不需要且没有安装成功的 pylsp 和 gopls，直接删除之。重启 nvim 后，不再报烦人的警告了。

另外 checkhealth 中也有 tree-sitter 支持的语言列表：

Parser/Features         H L F I J   - bash                ✓ ✓ ✓ . ✓   - c                   ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - cpp                 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - css                 ✓ . ✓ ✓ ✓   - go                  ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - gomod               ✓ . . . ✓   - html                ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - javascript          ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - json                ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ .   - jsonc               ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - latex               ✓ . ✓ . ✓   - lua                 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - make                ✓ . ✓ . ✓   - markdown            ✓ . ✓ ✓ ✓   - markdown_inline     ✓ . . . ✓   - python              ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - query               ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - rust                ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - typescript          ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓   - vim                 ✓ ✓ ✓ . ✓   - vimdoc              ✓ . . . ✓   - vue                 ✓ . ✓ ✓ ✓   - yaml                ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓    Legend: H[ighlight], L[ocals], F[olds], I[ndents], In[j]ections          +) multiple parsers found, only one will be used          x) errors found in the query, try to run :TSUpdate {lang} ~

每列为一个功能点，每行为一种语言，全打勾表示所有功能在线。

保存时美化

各种 formatter 设置好了不用岂不可惜，所以 nvimdots 默认的行为是关闭文件自动使用对应语言的 formatter 进行格式美化。然而在浏览第三方库文件或其它开源库代码时，这么做就有点画蛇添足了，通过 FormatToggle 可以关闭默认选项，然而重启 nvim 后又会自动打开，因此需要修改配置文件 (~/.config/nvim/lua/core/settings.lua)：

... -- Set it to false if there are no need to format on save. ---@type boolean settings["format_on_save"] = true  -- Set it to false if the notification after formatting is annoying. ---@type boolean settings["format_notify"] = true  -- Set it to true if you prefer formatting ONLY the *changed lines* as defined by your version control system. -- NOTE: This entry will only be respected if: --  > The buffer to be formatted is under version control (Git or Mercurial); --  > Any of the server attached to that buffer supports |DocumentRangeFormattingProvider| server capability. -- Otherwise Neovim would fall back to format the whole buffer, and a warning will be issued. ---@type boolean settings["format_modifications_only"] = false  -- Set the format disabled directories here, files under these dirs won't be formatted on save. --- NOTE: Directories may contain regular expressions (grammar: vim). |regexp| --- NOTE: Directories are automatically normalized. |vim.fs.normalize()| ---@type string[] settings["format_disabled_dirs"] = { 	-- Example 	"~/format_disabled_dir", } ...

将 format_on_save 改为 false 即可。

效果

至此基于 neovim 的 IDE 就搭建完成了，在正式开始演试之前，需要为 efm-langserver 插件生成一份代码编译清单：compile_commands.json。

compile_commands

这个文件的内容是实际传递给编译器的命令行，包括各种参数：

... {   "directory": "/ext/code/transmission/build/libtransmission",   "command": "/opt/compiler/gcc-8.2/bin/g++  -DCURL_STATICLIB -DFMT_EXCEPTIONS=0 -DFMT_HEADER_ONLY=1 -DHAVE_FALLOCATE64 -DHAVE_FLOCK -DHAVE_GETMNTENT -DHAVE_GETTEXT -DHAVE_LIBINTL_H -DHAVE_MKDTEMP -DHAVE_NGETTEXT -DHAVE_POSIX_FADVISE -DHAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE -DHAVE_PREAD -DHAVE_PWRITE -DHAVE_SENDFILE64 -DHAVE_SO_REUSEPORT=1 -DHAVE_STATVFS -DHAVE_SYS_STATVFS_H -DHAVE_XLOCALE_H -DMINIUPNP_STATICLIB -DNATPMP_STATICLIB -DPACKAGE_DATA_DIR=\"/usr/local/share\" -DPOSIX -DSYSTEM_MINIUPNP -DWIDE_INTEGER_DISABLE_FLOAT_INTEROP -DWIDE_INTEGER_DISABLE_IOSTREAM -DWITH_INOTIFY -DWITH_UTP -D__TRANSMISSION__ -I/ext/code/transmission/build/libtransmission -I/ext/code/transmission/third-party/libutp/include -I/ext/code/transmission/third-party/libb64/include -I/ext/code/transmission/third-party/jsonsl -I/ext/code/transmission/third-party/wildmat -isystem /ext/code/transmission/build/third-party/libdeflate.bld/pfx/include -isystem /usr/local/include -isystem /ext/code/transmission/cmake/../third-party/fast_float/include -isystem /ext/code/transmission/build/third-party/libpsl.bld/pfx/include -isystem /ext/code/transmission/build/third-party/libnatpmp.bld/pfx/include -isystem /ext/code/transmission/build/third-party/miniupnpc.bld/pfx/include -isystem /ext/code/transmission/build/third-party/dht.bld/pfx/include -isystem /ext/code/transmission/cmake/../third-party/utfcpp/source -isystem /ext/code/transmission/cmake/../third-party/wide-integer -isystem /ext/code/transmission/cmake/../third-party/fmt/include -isystem /ext/code/transmission/build/third-party/libevent.bld/pfx/include  -O3 -DNDEBUG   -fPIC -W -Wall -Wextra -Wcast-align -Wduplicated-cond -Wextra-semi -Wfloat-equal -Winit-self -Wint-in-bool-context -Wlogical-op -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wnull-dereference -Wpointer-arith -Wredundant-decls -Wrestrict -Wshadow -Wsign-compare -Wsuggest-override -Wuninitialized -Wunreachable-code -Wunused -Wunused-const-variable -Wunused-parameter -Wunused-result -Wwrite-strings -std=gnu++17 -o CMakeFiles/transmission.dir/session.cc.o -c /ext/code/transmission/libtransmission/session.cc",   "file": "/ext/code/transmission/libtransmission/session.cc" }, ...

如此，efm-langserver 等语言服务，就能借助这里的信息，更好的理解代码，例如哪些预处理中的代码是生效的，从而更好的实现符号跳转与补全等功能。这类清单也用于 ccls、VSCode 等 IDE 中，并不是 efm-langserver 专属的。一般项目本身并不包含这类清单，需要单独生成一下，下面分项目类型分别介绍。

cmake：cmake -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=1 .
make：bear make
Android NDK
- ndk-build GEN_COMPILE_COMMANDS_DB=true
- bear ndk-build
ninja：ninja -f out/combined-kona.ninja -t compdb | tee ./compile_commands.json
...

cmake、ninja 支持的比较好，NDK 算 make 的一种，也有自己的选项可以设置，对于最原始的 make，只能借助于 bear 命令了，另外 ndk-build 也可以基于这种方式生成。

bear

bear 是一个用来生成包含编译时选项的数据库的工具。通常它将输出文件 compile_commands.json ，可以供给例如 vscode 中的 Microsoft C/C++ 插件或者 vim 中的 YouCompleteMe 插件使用，让插件可以正确的解析当前 C++ 源文件的各种依赖信息，例如头文件包含路径。

在 CentOS 上默认没有这个命令，需要安装一下，默认的 yum 源没有，需要源码安装：

wget https://github.com/rizsotto/Bear/archive/refs/tags/2.4.4.zip unzip 2.4.4.zip cd Bear-2.4.4 mkdir build; cd build cmake .. make sudo make install

安装过程也比较简单，CentOS7 适合老一点的版本，2.4.4 实测可用。

transmission

下面用一个 BitTorrent 网络传输方面很知名的开源库 tranmission 从头到尾做个测试。

git clone --recurse-submodules git@github.com:firedgirl/transmission.git transmission cd transmission git checkout -b 4.0.x origin/4.0.x mkdir build; cd build cmake -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=1 -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=/opt/compiler/gcc-8.2/bin/g++ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=/opt/compiler/gcc-8.2/bin/gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-Wl,-rpath,/opt/compiler/gcc-8.2/lib64 -I /usr/local/include" -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release ..  make -j8

注意添加到 cmake 中的 -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=1 选项，他的作用和 bear 是一致的。项目编译完成后，将在根目录生成一个 compile_commands.json 文件，内容比较多就不展示了，感兴趣的可以看这个链接。

将它移动到项目根目录，打开 neovim，就可以像 VSCode 一样浏览啦。上面的 transmission 只是一个例子，可以更换为任意 c/c++ 开源库。有的平台不支持 compile_commands.json 的生成，此时符号跳转就没那么准了，不过文件内的一些函数定义跳转还是支持的。

功能展示

自动补全

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

这里演示的是成员变量与成员函数，其它像普通变量、函数调用什么的也都能自动补全。

字符串查找

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

Telescope 插件，底层基于 fzf & rg，快捷键 SPACE + f + w 调出。缺点有以下几点

多次查询一个关键字不便，需要每次输入关键词且从头开始遍历
跳转到某个文件再查找，会局限查找范围为文件当前所在目录

对于第二个问题，在老版本上通过修改配置可以修复，具体修改 ~/.config/nvim/lua/core/event.lua：

{ "BufEnter", "*", "silent! lcd %:p:h" },

将上面这行注释掉即可。但是目前新版本，这个配置不见了，目前还没有抽出精力来研究。

符号跳转

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

上图演示了几种典型的跳转场景：

gD：声明、调用点跳转定义
K：提示定义
gd：小窗显示定义

除了 c++ 中的虚函数都能比较好的进行处理，虚函数由于是运行时才能确定调用哪个实现，这里跳不过去也情有可原，但是如果能将备选的实现列出来让用户自己选择，就更好了。

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

上面的动图，展示的是 gh 命令查找所有调用点，在弹出的浮窗中，右侧按文件列出所有调用点，进入文件下面每个调用点时，左侧可以预览，回车时跳转到调用点。大部分时间可用，有时一些符号找不到，就得使用之前的字符串查找了。

h/cpp 文件切换

老旧 Linux 系统搭建现代 C++ 开发环境 —— 基于 neovim

ClangdSwitchSourceHeaderVSplit，基于 clangd，快捷键 SPACE + h 调出，同级别的还可以使用 ClangdSwitchSourceHeader & ClangdSwitchSourceHeaderSplit，前者直接替换当前 buffer，后者是横向分屏，可以让 SPACE + h 指向其中任何一个，看个人偏好。头文件可以不必和 cpp 在同一个目录，这个插件一样可以找到。

后记

第一次入坑 neovm + nvimdots 是 2022.11 的事情了，最近有新机器了又在 2024.07 搞了一次，发现nvimdots 有很大更新，以至于之前的一些快捷键、UI 发生了变化，一些移植经验也已经不适用了，虽然一度很懵逼，但这是一件好事，说明 neovim + 基于 lua 的插件配置正在蓬勃发展，现在写出来的文字，可能过一两年又面目全非了。总归来说，现在这条路是对的，比那些还在坚守 vim + gtags + cscope + YouCompleteMe… 老路的要强大太多了，现在网上这方面的资料，远远跟不上开源社区的进步速度，毫不夸张的说，关于 vim 搭建现代化 IDE 的文章，只要超过五年以上，就是老古董了，除非研究技术发展历史，否则没必要深究。

基于 lua 的 neovim 配置还有很多，nvimdots 只是其中的一个，其实他们采用的基础插件是相通的，像 Lazy、Mason、Lsp 等等，这种项目像一个粘合剂，将各种零散的小插件整合在一起，达到用户开箱即用的效果，免去了很多插件搜索的过程，各位有使用的好的项目，也可以在留言区分享哈~

关于 nvimdots 的任何使用问题都可以在 Issue 页面提问，之前我在这里提的一些问题，很快就有人回复，一些不错的建议还得到了采纳，成就感满满！总之，除了一帮子中国人在那飙英文有点受不了，其它都还好😅。